Evocative Production about Aging Care Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evocative Production about Aging Care - Article Example Gaugler et al. observed that the test for civilization in any society is the manner in which it takes care of its frail members. The policy for the aged in Australia safeguards old people in the society from fearing the young as well as feeling misplaced. If the aged are offered the necessary attention and care, their life is prolonged and opportunistic ailments in old age may be avoided thereby reducing the cost of care as well as the workload of the caregivers. It is important to teach children and the youth that the aging was young just like them and that they too are headed for old age. Sometimes the old might be perceived as having little contribution to the society’s advancement in terms of wealth creation and social development. Nevertheless, the young need to appreciate the efforts of those who came before them in the maintenance of an enabling environment for them to act. For example, if the aged polluted the environment and caused the depletion of natural resources available at this particular time, the youth could not enjoy living on earth as they do. Naturally, an old person who is ill-treated in the society visualizes it as the young population taking advantage of the weak. Baxter cautioned that the society should not let their aging population regret their own existence. Rather, they should be made to feel loved and useful in community affairs. Furthermore, their experience is critical in molding and instilling good morals to the young. The natural wisdom they possess as a result of having interacted and worked with diverse people for a long time may have a significant impact on the conduct of future generations. Stigmatization of the aged may result in the loss of a resourceful component of the society since their capacity to actively participate in communal activities.

Cell Phone Technology Essay Example for Free

Cell Phone Technology Essay The cell phone technology that is ever changing by the day was scientifically invented and born back in the early 1980’s. Science was the main key to the birth of the cell phone which was put together by the Motorola Company who today is still making cell phones. Before the cell phone came out the car phone was the first mobile phone which were very large and had to be hooked up to a briefcase which supplied the power for the mobile phone. Science was the utilized to create the cell phone and today the use of cell phones has brought literature to the palm of our hands. With science as the foundation to the birth of the cell phone technology age has not only brought the birth but has also brought new births of other new technologies. The cell phone is basically a radio and the invention of the cell phone traces back all the way to the radio. As we all know Alexander Bell back in 1876 invented the telephone and shortly after that the radio was invented around 1880 by Nikolia Telsa. Now with science and technology these two were combined to create what we call the cell phone or cellular phone. How stuff works) With science came the cell phone and with continued scientifically research the years bring more technology to the cell phone that would change the world. Professors, cell phone companies, and others use the art and knowledge of past use science to keep building on top of the birth of the cell phone. Scientist and researchers around the world see a successful future in the cell phone industry and jumps on the opportunity that will be one of the fastest growing industries of today. Just after the invention of the cell phone researches begin to work on a smaller and more efficient cell phone as the first one is very inefficient as it requires a large power supply to run the phone. It was impossible to carry around as it only could be used in automobiles due to the large power supply. Not only the power supply was large the actual radio waves used where also not suited to availability for everyone to use as there were at most around 25 available channels per tower, per town. (How stuff works) Researchers begin to use science to begin to make the cell phone industry more efficient and available for everyone. The next step to making the cell phone more available was to start with having more channels to handle all the cell phone conversations. Duplex channels are needed to be used in order for two people to talk to each other at the same time. The next step was figuring out how to increase the amount of available frequencies and how to make them available without confliction. Cell towers were built across cities and each cell tower were available to have up to 56 conversations going at one time. That was still not enough as they forecasted to have more than that as people started to purchase cell phones. The problem with this is that if anyone more that those 56 would not be able to talk with anyone until someone out of the 56 ended. The next scientifically challenge was to make the availability of conversation at a greater number with the use of higher frequencies. (How stuff works) One problem with cell towers is that in the beginning there were not enough cell towers to keep a conversation going when the person on the cell phone was on the move. As a person on a cell phone is on the move through a city it connects itself to the closest cell tower in range and when out of range it connects to the next nearest cell tower. The problem with this is that there were not enough cell towers which created â€Å"dead spots† which we all know as drop calls. Along with insufficient number of towers the cell phone was analog which was known as 1G (1st Generation) cell phones. As cell towers grew more frequencies were needed to grow as well. This brought the first digital cell phone which was considered the 2G (2nd Generation) cell phone. (How stuff works) With the creation of the digital cell phone also brought the availability of more frequencies. With more frequencies more people were able to have conversations at one time for each tower. Each tower carried the same number of frequencies and as the digital phone came in more cell towers were being built. Eventually there would be hundreds of cell towers in each city that would be able to handle the number of people with cell phones. Currently we are now in the 4G (4th Generation) age and with that technology we are able to do things on cell phones that we never thought we could do 30 years ago. Over the year the technology and science of cell phone has grown faster than any other product. The technology has driven the cell phone technology to connections around the world. It has also connected people like no other communication device. People from around the world are now communicating and connecting more to family, friends, and others across the country. Not only are they talking to each other but they are also communicating now with other technology aspects that has grown onto the cell phone age. People are now connecting through the internet using their cell phones and people are now connecting in ways that are changing the world. The biggest technological change in cell phones is text messaging. The cell phone eventually became more than just a radio telephone communication device. We then started to use the cell phone to send text messages like a email message. Businesses around the globe had a big impact on the technology that was built in cell phones technology. Business people around the globe needed to have email communication at all times so then that was integrated into the cell phone. Then came text messaging which was short text messages sent from phone to phone. Text messaging became a big hit as more and more people started to sway towards the text messaging than talking over the phone. When text messaging started T9 was introduced which is predictive texting or others may know it as Text on 9 Keys. (http://www. ask. com/wiki/T9_(predictive_text) This is a program running in the background that automatically predicts the words you are trying to type in a text message. This made it easier and faster to spell out words as it would spell out the word you are trying to type without having to type out the whole word. The creation of texting has not only brought a new way of communicating with others but has also created another problems in results of the creation of texting. A 2008 study by the mobile industrys trade association CTIA found that among teens ages 13 to 19, 57 percent view their cellphones as key to their social life, and most view texting as a vital feature. † (#34) According to this information it has brought attention that teen drivers are being distracted while driving with cell phone usage and texting. This is creating an upwards in automobile accidents and deaths in this country. â€Å"The California Highway Patrol released a report Wednesday showing that talking on a cellphone while behind the wheel is the leading factor contributing to crashes blamed on inattentive drivers. Furthermore, the US Department of Transportation reports that distracted driving played a role in nearly 6,000 deaths and 500,000 injuries in 2009. † (#34) As you can see in the California Highway Patrol report it shows a growing number of accidents due to text messaging or using cell phone while driving a automobile. The government today is having a hard time reducing the statistics of automobile accidents due to cell phone usage and is looking for a solution to eliminate it. No matter what is done you cannot stop public drivers from using their cell phones in a automobile. A probable solution has come up that may help in reducing the statistics by installing cell phone jammers. When a automobile is in the drive mode a cell phone jammer will activate and prevent anyone in the car from using a cell phone. A person would have to pull to the side of the road and put the automobile into park mode in order to deactivate the cell phone jammer. Then they will be allowed to use their cell phones for any use. This is only a probable solution and it doesn’t sound like a great one but it is something to start off with and hopefully eventually one day it can be sculpted into a real solution.

Emersons self reliance :: essays research papers

R.W. Emerson’s Self-Reliance The essay has three major divisions: the importance of self-reliance (paragraphs 1-17), self-reliance and the individual (paragraphs 18-32), and self-reliance and society (paragraphs 33-50). As a whole, it promotes self-reliance as an ideal, even a virtue, and contrasts it with various modes of dependence or conformity. â€Å"Self-Reliance† Paragraphs 1-17. The Importance of Self-Reliance. Emerson begins his major work on individualism by asserting the importance of thinking for oneself rather than meekly accepting other people’s ideas. As in almost all of his work, he promotes individual experience over the knowledge gained from books: â€Å"To believe that what is true in your private heart is true for all men—that is genius.† The person who scorns personal intuition and, instead, chooses to rely on others’ opinions lacks the creative power necessary for robust, bold individualism. This absence of conviction results not in different ideas, as this person expects, but in the acceptance of the same ideas—now secondhand thoughts—that this person initially intuited. The lesson Emerson would have us learn? â€Å"Trust thyself,† a motto that ties together this first section of the essay. To rely on others’ judgments is cowardly, without inspiration or hope. A person with self-esteem, on the other hand, exhibits originality and is childlike—unspoiled by selfish needs—yet mature. It is to this adventure of self-trust that Emerson invites us: We are to be guides and adventurers, destined to participate in an act of creation modeled on the classical myth of bringing order out of chaos. Although we might question his characterizing the self-esteemed individual as childlike, Emerson maintains that children provide models of self-reliant behavior because they are too young to be cynical, hesitant, or hypocritical. He draws an analogy between boys and the idealized individual: Both are masters of self-reliance because they apply their own standards to all they see, and because their loyalties cannot be coerced. This rebellious individualism contrasts with the attitude of cautious adults, who, because they are overly concerned with reputation, approval, and the opinion of others, are always hesitant or unsure; consequently, adults have great difficulty acting spontaneously or genuinely. Emerson now focuses his attention on the importance of an individual’s resisting pressure to conform to external norms, including those of society, which conspires to defeat self-reliance in its members. The process of so-called â€Å"maturing† becomes a process of conforming that Emerson challenges. In the paragraph that begins with the characteristic aphorism â€Å"Whoso would be a man, must be a nonconformist,† he asserts a radical, even extreme, position on the matter.

Communication and professional relationships

Explain how you use effective communication in developing positive relationships with children, young people and adults. Why is this important? 1. 1 In developing positive relationships we use effective communication in several ways. We use it to: help us better understand a situation or person which can help to determine our approach when engaging with them. build trust and respect. If individuals feel comfortable speaking with us and feel they can approach us at any time on any subject, they are more likely to co-operate and look favourably on any suggestions made. show that we care about the welfare and future of an individual and will do our best to aid in their success ensure that all parties are agreed upon the same goal, making sure that everyone is clear about the final aim and how it will be achieved. build and maintain a positive working environment where creativity and learning can flourish. It is important to do this because poor communication can lead to misunderstanding s, lack of trust and conflict. Without a positive relationship you are unlikely to gain support and co-operation and find it challenging to achieve a good outcome from any situation.Explain the principles of relationship building with children, young people and adults 1. 2 When trying to develop positive relationships there are several principles to follow. Firstly effective communication is essential. You must be clear in what you say and ensure you have been understood correctly. At the end of a communication you can reiterate your key points and if necessary outline responsibilities and actions. Also be sure to use language appropriate to the person with whom you are communicating.When speaking with young children keep key points to a minimum and ask them to repeat what you have said. Secondly, take time to listen to others and try to understand their point of view. Use active listening techniques to show that you are interested in what they are saying and respond appropriately. Also make sure that, if you tell someone you will get back to them, you do get back to them. This will help engender a sense of trust and respect. It is also essential that you show respect for the person with whom you are communicating.Remember their name and details of how they like to be addressed and issues which are personal to them. Recalling details of their lives adds to the feeling that you are genuinely interested in hem and their welfare. When communicating be sure to acknowledge the individual. Accommodate any religious and cultural beliefs and show that you value these differences. Be considerate of the person's situation trying to understand and accommodate any issues which may influence their feelings, actions and responses.Finally, remain positive and retain a sense of humour. Laughter is a good way to break the ice and relieve tension in a stressful situation. relationships and the way people communicate 1. 3 There are several ways in which social, professional and cultural contexts may affect our relationships and the way we communicate. We must remember that communication is not Just verbal and context will influence the way we act, what we wear, how we communicate and what we say. In a social setting our actions, language and dress may be less formal.If we have colleagues and parents from school as friends outside of school, then we might perhaps greet them with a hug and a wave. Our language might incorporate slang and Jokes and conversation might be more generic and less serious. We might be more casual in our attire and the situation would suggest whether this is acceptable. For example, you would not be expected to attend a party wearing your best suit. The manner in which we communicate socially is also likely to be different from a professional setting.As well as telephone and face to face conversations we might also engage via text message, email and social media sites and we would be unlikely to write a letter to someone we might se e daily. Communications might, for example, utilise text speak and Jargon and not necessarily demand an immediate response if any at all. In a professional context you would be expected to act, speak and dress more formally. Your actions language and clothing should match the severity of the issue which you will address nd show appropriate respect for the location and people with whom you are meeting.If participating in a parent/ teacher meeting at school for example the same people you greeted with a hug the night before would be better greeted with perhaps a handshake to highlight the position you hold in this scenario. Our language would be more formal and depending who was present we might try to eliminate Jargon to ensure clarity and minimise misunderstandings. Similarly again our clothing would be more formal to identify the position we hold and show respect for those involved in any meeting.When contacting people professionally the use of ocial media sites would not be approp riate to discuss any matters relating to school, pupils or staff. Text messages might be appropriate to inform parents/carers of a school social event for example but to arrange a meeting or discuss an important matter it would be more appropriate to speak with a parent/carer or write a letter if the contact needs to be documented. When working with outside agencies email, for ease of use and speed, has become the standard form of communication but again when broaching a sensitive or important issue, a phone call or face to face meeting might be preferred.Emails can easily be misread which can lead to misunderstanding and conflict. When speaking we can use tone of voice to help ensure a point is understood correctly and face to face we can use body language in the same way. The timeframe in which we contact someone or reply to a communication can also affect relationships. When someone has taken the time to contact you they will expect a response to show that you value their contact and it should be made in the same manner or more personally. Responding to a phone call with an email, for example, could be seen as rude and deter future contact.Similarly, elaying a response could suggest that you do not value the input of the individual or consider them or their issue to be important and bring about the same result. Different cultures may also have different standards in terms of behaviour, dress, communication and contact. Actions could be misinterpreted and cause offence leading to the breakdown of a relationship. If you are meeting with someone from a different culture it may be worth doing some research and asking their preferred form of contact etc. to show that you value their beliefs.However, whilst it may be detrimental not to account for cultural differences you could see the same onsequences if you assume differences because of background or race when actually there are none. What skills do you need to communicate with children and young people 2. 1 Co mmunication is still a relatively new thing for children and young people and they may not be used to asking questions and holding conversations. One skill required to communicate effectively is giving children and young people opportunities to speak.As adults we are inclined to think that we know what children are thinking and feeling and try to tell them this or fill the gaps in their speech. Whilst we should ontinue to try and communicate with children as often as possible we should ensure it is a two-way conversation and not a one-way stream of instructions. We should remain patient and allow children time to organise their thoughts and formulate their sentences. When a child is relaxed and at ease they will be more forthcoming.Children may be shy and reluctant to say more than a few words if they feel you are not interested in what they have to say. Using positive body language we can encourage children to speak out. We should come down to the child's level, face them and maint ain eye contact. Remaining focussed on the child rather than ontinuing with another task will confirm your interest and appropriate facial expressions will show that you are listening and have understood what they are saying. Active listening is another key skill.Be interested and make appropriate responses whilst the child is speaking to confirm that you are really listening. Add to this by repeating back what the child has said to ensure your understanding is correct and by giving positive comments when they have finished. Asking open questions will extend the conversation giving the child more practice, boost the child's confidence so they are encouraged to communicate more and model a real onversation for them to learn from. Finally, we must also ensure that communication is appropriate for the child or young person and be able to adapt the style we use.Depending on the age and ability of the child we may be able to simply converse or might need to incorporate visual support or play into the communication. We should not assume children and young people will not understand but instead make our communication clear, use vocabulary which is appropriate to their age and encourage questioning. Give a detailed explanation of how you adapt communication with children and young people for: 2. a The age of the When communicating with younger children you should try choose a setting which is familiar to the child and where they are more confident – their favourite area of the classroom for example.Get down to the level of the child perhaps sitting on the carpet and use body language to make them feel more comfortable – ensure you are facing the child, smile, nod, turn toward them, keep your arms open and remove any barriers between you. Younger children will require more reassurance and perhaps more physical contact. They may feel more confident holding your hand or sitting close together. Vocabulary should be kept simple and sentences short, broken dow n into easy steps. The same point may need to be repeated several times in different ways and it is helpful to provide examples based around their own experiences.If a child is very reluctant to communicate you may want to use puppets to speak through, include pictures or props to help them engage or perhaps incorporate your communication into a favourite game. The attention span of younger children is very short and you must also account for this. Monitor the length of time you spend together and include attention switches to maintain their interest: change your ethod of communication, switch speakers, move location, ask questions etc. Older children and young people will still need to feel comfortable in your company but are more independent and will require less reassurance and physical contact.They are more familiar with the school environment so will find it easier communicate in different settings but will more comfortable in a setting they have used before. Older children oft en view themselves as grown up and will appreciate being treated accordingly. Positive body language will still be beneficial in encouraging a child to peak but it will no longer be necessary to sit on the floor. Language and vocabulary should be more mature and sentences can be more complex. It may also not be necessary to repeat a point so often unless it is something new and above that person's ability level.Examples can be drawn from a variety of sources as their experiences are wider and additional materials should be more sophisticated such as written texts or â€Å"you tube† clips. Older children are more aware of themselves and can be easily embarrassed. They will benefit from confidence boosting reminders of how well they are progressing and positive re-enforcement. They will, however, withdraw and react negatively if patronised, preferring to be treated with respect and spoken to honestly. With age attention span also increases so it is still necessary to include at tention switches to maintain focus but not as frequently. the context of the communication We will encounter children in a variety of situations at school and it will be necessary to adapt our communication accordingly. Primarily our contact will be made inside school during a learning activity. In this case we need to remain quite formal, be directive and model the behaviour we require through our own actions. Ground rules should be laid down in clear, concise Instructions and the learning objectives highlighted to ensure all children fully understand what we expect and are trying to achieve from the lesson.There will be other children in the same area working on of our group but not distract the others. We can do this through tone of voice, choice of vocabulary and supplementary resources but must be wary not to overexcite the group because of the other learners present. If your activity is away from other learners then it may be possible to incorporate physical activity and allow greater expression. Distractions will be plentiful and we will need to encourage and focus our learners through positive re-enforcement and challenges.If appropriate to the task we should encourage discussion through questioning but keep discussion restricted to the subject at hand. In a more social setting, for example the playground, we can be less formal and more relaxed in our approach. This would be reflected in our body language, tone of voice and vocabulary. These times can be used as opportunities to build relationships and get to know the children better. Children can be encouraged to discuss outside nterests and we might share our own experiences to help form a bond.Whilst it may be necessary to give little reminders of school rules to avoid bad behaviour it should not be necessary to outline them in full and they can be made in a more playful and conspiratorial manner – a helpful friend rather than a fgure of authority. Although conversation might be more light he arted we must still remember to maintain the relationship of teacher and pupil. A school trip, however, is a more social event, but still a learning activity and the degree of formality should remain on a similar level to the classroom.The formality f the pupil teacher relationship should remain so the children understand that you â€Å"are in charge†. Children will need to be reminded often of their objectives but communication might be more light hearted and children allowed to speak more freely, discussing outside interests highlighted by the current situation. Outside the school environment they will be excited and more forgetful of their code of conduct. It will not always be possible to speak with the whole group when on a trip so we should communicate through our own behaviour, modelling what we expect from the children: remaining focussed, respectful, and responsible.

Legal/Ethical Issues and the Solutions of a DNR

Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) orders are those given by a physician indication that in the event of a cardiac or respiratory arrest â€Å"no† resuscitative measures should be used to revive the patient (Pozgar, 2013, p. 153).Difficulties and confusion about do not resuscitate orders still exist, despite efforts to help patients, families, and surrogate decision-makers make informed choices. In this paper, issues will be addressed about the legal and ethical dilemmas about a DNR, how a DNR can affect while being used in a school system, the history of the issues of DNR, and how potential effects can be addressed to the issues for the future.Additionally, I will discuss the legal rights of the DNR to individuals as they interact with healthcare services, the implications of the patient’s bill of rights as it reflects to a DNR, and analyze selected ethical and legal case studies that have promulgated precedent-setting decisions. The majority of patients who die in hospital have a â€Å"Do Not Resuscitate† (DNR) order in place at the time of their death, yet we know very little about why some patients request or agree to a DNR order, why others don’t, and how they view discussions of resuscitation status.Some issues addressed with a study are the patients and families understanding the considerations of a typical request of full code (FC) or DNR orders. DNR patients reported a much greater familiarity with resuscitation discussions than FC patients. This was typically due to previous conversations with health care professionals, experiences with relatives, or self-realization prompted by other experiences. FC patients, on the other hand, typically reported no previous experience with this discussion, although a few had discussed it previously on admission to hospital.FC and DNR patients had very different understandings of resuscitation and DNR orders, and there were few common themes identified in their answers. DNR patients described resusc itation as violent or traumatic event, associated with â€Å"tubes† or â€Å"machines,† painful, and generally futile. FC patients, on the other hand, often described resuscitation in a more abstract way, the â€Å"restoration† of life. Finally, a small number admitted frankly that they had no clear idea of what resuscitation actually were (Downar, Luk, Sibbald, Santini, Mikhael, Berman, and Hawryluck, 2011).Although most patients are pleased with their physician’s approach to the conversation, many reported a negative emotional response overall. Both FC and DENR patients often reported being shocked or upset by the conversation, either because of the timing or the content, or simply being confronted with their own mortality. Advance Care Planning may help reduce this negative response; by normalizing the subject and raising it before an acute illness, physicians may help reduce anxiety and shock when it is raised during deterioration.Both FC and DNR pati ents emphasized the importance of honesty, clarity, and sensitivity when discussing this issue (Downar, Luk, Sibbald, Santini, Mikhael, Berman, and Hawryluck, 2011). Mr. H is an 81-year old veteran with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and depression. His daughters went to visit their father at 10 am and found him awake, but unable to communicate or follow commands. Empty morphine bottles were strewn around the room where he was found. Mr. H’s daughters called an ambulance and had their father transported to the emergency department of the local VA hospital.In the emergency department, there was concern for either an accidental or intentional opioid overdose, and the toxicology screen was positive for opioids. Narcan was administered with some modest and brief improvement in mental status, but Mr. H never obtained a level of consciousness that would enable him to express his treatment preferences. Progress notes written during the weeks before the inc ident indicated that Mr. H had threatened to commit suicide if his respiratory disease progressed to the point that he could not breathe.Mr. H was admitted to the medical intensive care unit, where an arterial  blood gas showed him to have respiratory acidosis. Several hours after arrival in the MICU, Mr. H became hypotensive and bradycardic. The intensive care resident on duty advised the daughters of her concern that the patient would develop respiratory failure that was likely to lead to a cardiac arrest, requiring CPR. The daughters indicated their father’s longstanding wish to be DNR. A durable power of attorney for health care (DPOA) executed five years before, although not documenting any treatment preferences, did appoint the two daughters as health care agents.The intensive care resident explained to the daughters that it was standard clinical practice to utilize CPR, even if patients had clearly expressed wishes to be DNR, if the arrest of respiratory compromise w as secondary to a suicide attempt. The daughters informed the resident that they had had several extended conversations with their father over the last year, occasioned by his failing health, in which he had communicated to them his wish not to have any aggressive care when his quality of life declined.The daughters both professed to be devout Christians, but said their father had been an inveterate atheist, whose philosophy of life was that when an individual could no longer function at an acceptable level, he had the right to refuse all life-sustaining interventions. The resident and the intensive care attending, which had now arrived, did not feel they could ethically or legally enter a DNR order, precluding the use of a life-saving intervention that could potentially reverse Mr. H’s respiratory failure, because it was secondary to a suicide attempt.At this juncture, the MICU physicians requested an urgent ethics consultation to resolve the conflict. The decision to overri de the DNR request of an individual who has attempted suicide is often framed as a clear and classical conflict between the principles of autonomy and beneficence or nonmaleficence. The other situation occurs when an individual, having authorized an EMS DNR order, attempts suicide and is discovered before the attempt becomes successful; Both circumstances provoke the classic dilemma, where the ethical wishes of rescuers to act for the good of their patient i. e., beneficence, run counter to the individual’s autonomous wishes expressed in the EMS DNR order.The rescuer cannot satisfy both of these conflicting ethical principles (Geppert, 2010). A 2010, reviewed of the clinical, ethical, and legal dilemmas related to DNR orders in suicidal patients presents a case report of a patient hospitalized for severe depression, who overdoses on the psychiatric unit and is found unresponsive with a recently obtained DNR order in her hands, The review argues that contemporary law and polic y related to DNR orders are not formulated to encompass the situation of an individual with serious mental illness.They recommend that patients be screened for suicidal ideation before a DNR order is entered, and that states and institutions clarify their response to DNR status in the context of attempted suicide. â€Å"Passive assistance† occurs when a health care provider does nothing to prevent a patient’s suicide. In the health care context, however, passive assistance has been an ethical practice for many years. For example, DNR orders have been instrumental in forming the current awareness of rights and responsibilities in the area of death and dying.A physician who refrains from attempting CPR on a patient who has made a rational choice to commit suicide is within the acceptable guidelines of the practice of medicine. If there is disagreement, every reasonable effort should be made to communicate with the patient or family. In many cases, this will lead to resol ution of the conflict. In difficult cases, an ethics consultation can prove helpful. Nevertheless, CPR should generally be provided to such patients, even if judged futile.In some cases, the decision about CPR occurs at a time when the patient is unable to participate in decision making, and hence cannot voice a preference. There are two general approaches to this dilemma: Advance Directives and surrogate decision makers (University of Washington School of Medicine, 2008). Do Not Resuscitate Orders in Schools In recent years, legal trends have expanded educational opportunities, including access to adaptive, for children and adults with wide variety of disabilities or handicaps.The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) has previously addressed the ethical and legal issues involved in decisions to either limit or withdraw life-sustaining medical treatment. Parents, who, after consultation with their pediatrician and other advisors, decide to forego CPR of their child, may want this de cision respected by school system personnel. These decisions challenge all persons involved in a situation in which SPR may be given to balance personal beliefs, strong feelings, legal concerns (especially those having to do with liability), educational considerations, and other issues (Pediatrics, 2000).In contrast, the school officials may be worried that a DNR order could be misinterpreted by medically untrained staff, resulting in harm to a child, or they may worry that personnel would feel bound not to respond to an easily reversible condition, such as a mucous plug in a child with a tracheotomy. Administrators have concerns about their personnel responding to circumstances not anticipated by a DNR order, such as when a child chokes on food or is injured. School officials may be rightfully concerned about the effect of a death in school on other students.The parents of healthy children may not want their children exposed to death in a classroom or other school setting (Pediatri cs, 2000). The AAP recommends that pediatricians and parents of children at increased risk of dying in school who desire a DNR order meet with school officials – including nursing personnel, teachers, administrators, and EMS personnel, and, when appropriate, the child. Individuals involved ideally will reach an agreement about the goals of in-school medical interventions and the best means to implement those goals. Concerted efforts to accommodate all points of view will help avoid confrontation and possible litigation.Pediatricians need to assist parents and schools to review, as needed when warranted by a change in the child’s condition, but at least every six months, plans for in-school care. Pediatricians need to review the plan with the board of education and its legal counsel. Pediatricians and their chapter and district members should work with local and state authorities responsible for EMS policies affecting out-of-hospital DNR orders to develop rational proce dures and legal understanding about what can be done that respects the rights and interests of dying children (Pediatrics, 2000).History of issues with a DNR The development of CPR in the early 1960s precipitated the need for DNR orders. However, it soon became evident that the routine application of resuscitation efforts to any patient who suffered a cardiopulmonary arrest led to new problems. Thus, even in the earliest stages of its development, resuscitative measures presented a basic ethical quandary that still underpins much of the controversy over DNR orders today: the potential conflict between prolongation of life itself and the quality of the life preserved. DNR orders arose out of the need to address such suffering.In 1974, the American Medical Association noted that â€Å"CPR is not indicated in certain situations, such as in cases of terminal irreversible illness where death is not unexpected. † DNR orders developed out of the general bioethics milieu of the last quarter of the twentieth century, concomitant to â€Å"the promotion of patient autonomy: (Goldberg, 2007, p. 60). While DNR orders have, by the present day, become a familiar if not regularly encountered phenomenon, â€Å"there is less legal certainty for providers regarding DNR orders for incompetent patients† (Goldberg, 2007, p. 60).The patient Self-Determination Act of 1990, the 1983 report of the President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, and the ruling in Cruzan, Quinlan and other landmark cases established the right of competent patients, through both advance directives and their surrogates, to refuse life-sustaining treatments, providing the ethical and legal basis of DNR orders. Currently, the Joint Commission standards require all health care institutions to have policies and procedures regarding advance directives and DNR orders.All 50 states have statutory requirements that uphold the autono my of competent patients to make health care decisions, including those regarding CPR, and to exercise this self-determination through authorized surrogates should they lose decision-making capacity (Geppert, 2010). A Patient’s Bill of Rights Reflected in a DNR DNR comfort care orders permit comfort care only, both before and during a cardiac or respiratory arrest. This kind of order is generally appropriate for a patient with a terminal illness, short life expectancy, or little chance of surviving CPR.DNR comfort care arrest orders permit the use of all resuscitative therapies before an arrest, but not during or after an arrest. A cardiac arrest is defined as an absence of palpable pulse. A respiratory arrest is defined as no spontaneous respirations or the presence of agonal breathing. Once an arrest is confirmed, all resuscitative efforts should be stopped and comfort care alone initiated. DNR specified orders allow the physician to â€Å"tailor† the DNR order to th e specific circumstances and wishes of the patient.For example, under this option the physician could specify â€Å"pharmacological code only,† or â€Å"no defibrillation,† or â€Å"do not intubate† (Department of Bioethics, n. d. ). If the patients’ preferences regarding resuscitation are clear, they should be respected. Patient preferences to refuse resuscitative efforts can be communicated directly by the patient, or by an advance directive, a valid Do Not Attempt Resuscitation (DNAR) order, or by the patient’s legal representative. Unofficial documentation may be considered when determining patient preferences (ACEP, 2008).It is appropriate for out-of-hospital providers to honor valid DNAR orders or out-of-hospital advance directives. Standardized guidelines and protocols should be developed to direct out-of-hospital personnel’s resuscitative efforts. When resuscitative efforts are not indicated, emergency physicians should provide appro priate medical and psychosocial care during the dying process. This may include the provision of comfort measures and psychosocial support for the patient and family.Recommendations to better DNRsFirst, to the extent permissible under individual state laws, propose that U. S. hospitals and journals begin to consider the term â€Å"do not resuscitate order† and the abbreviation â€Å"DNR† to be obsolete. These terms carry the implicit message that when interventions such as chest compressions and bag-mask ventilation are undertaken, resuscitation of the patient will result. Suggestion to use the phrase â€Å"do not attempt resuscitation† and the abbreviation â€Å"DNAR,† making clear that CPR is really only an attempt at resuscitation.Find that DNAR retains clarity about the interventions being discussed while reminding both patients and practitioners of the uncertainty of the outcome of resuscitative efforts. Second, to remind medical learners and practit ioners of the questions that must be answered at the time of admission to the hospital. Placing â€Å"attempt resuscitation† status immediately after diagnosis reminds the practitioner that the diagnosis of the patient should play a major role in determining whether resuscitation should be attempted.This modification in the admission orders also makes the specification of â€Å"attempt resuscitation† and â€Å"do not attempt resuscitation† explicit. While some policies will at first continue to presume consent for CPR, practitioners will be reminded that there is a decision to be made. Third, as a routine part of a discussion the physician should provide an explanation of how the patient’s prognosis would change should the patient experience cardiopulmonary arrest. A cardiopulmonary arrest is not a neutral event.It is thus not only indicative of the severity of illness, but also an indicator that the prognosis is worse than if the cardiopulmonary arrest h ad not happened. A discussion of these features can be of particular value to families of patients for whom an event of cardiopulmonary arrest would indicate a worsening of the underlying disease or result in irreversible damage. Fourth, physicians should help clarify prognosis by proposing a course of action to the family. In some instances, that will mean deferring to patient decision, where the medical evidence and judgment is not conclusive.In other situations, it will mean recommending that CPR not be attempted. Consistent with safeguards ensuring physician accountability and where individual state laws would permit broad physician discretion, it might even mean that some cases will necessitate reclassifying CPR as a pseudo-option that does not even warrant a mention. However, a failure to make a recommendation is more likely to cause families additional anxiety than it is to be perceived as coercion.In addition, making a proposal for a course of action can help a physician com municate the significance of a cardiopulmonary arrest given the patient’s underlying condition (Bishop, Brothers, Perry, and Ahmad, 2010, pp. 65-66). In conclusion, when patients’ and physicians’ understanding of the best decision, or of the preferred role of either party, diverge, conflict may ensue. In order to elicit and negotiate with patient preferences, flexibility is required during clinical interactions about decision making.A conventional formulation would contend that the origin of the respiratory depression from a suicide attempt was the ethically determinative factor. This perspective would logically have led to the recommendation to override the surrogates’ request for a DNR order. Yet this attribution gives more ethical weight to a choice the patient appeared to have made impulsively and proximately, with questionable decisional capacity, rather than the distal and deliberate preference of an individual with intact capacity to refuse life-su staining treatments (Geppert, 2010).The four recommendations are only the first steps along a process of a DNR change. The ultimate goal will be to reach a more balanced place where discussions about decisions can be made jointly, but with the acknowledgement that all decisions are laden with moral values inherent in the practice of medicine and life in a pluralistic society and that all judgments are themselves fallible.

Hanuman Chalisa Essays

Hanuman Chalisa Essays Hanuman Chalisa Essay Hanuman Chalisa Essay Essay Topic: The Giver HANUMAN CHALISA HANUMAN CHALISA Shree Guru Charan Saroj Raj, Nij Man Mukar Sudhari, Barnau Raghuvar Bimal Jasu, Jo dayaku Phal Chari With the dust of Gurus Lotus feet, I clean the mirror of my mind and then narrate the sacred glory of Sri Ram Chandra, The Supereme among the Raghu dynasty. The giver of the four attainments of life. Budhi heen Tanu Janike, Sumirow Pavan Kumar, Bal Buddhi Vidya Dehu Mohi, Harahu Kalesh Bikaar Knowing myself to be ignorent, I urge you, O Hanuman, The son of Pavan! O Lord! kindly Bestow on me strength, wisdom and knowledge, removing all my miseries and blemishes. Jai Hanuman Gyan Guna Sagar Jai Kipis Tihun Lok Ujagaar Victory of Thee, O Hanuman, Ocean of wisdom and virtue, victory to the Lord of monkeys who is well known in all the three worlds Ramdoot Atulit Bal Dhamaa, Anjani Putra Pavansut naamaa. You, the Divine messenger of Ram and repository of immeasurable strength, are also known as Anjaniputra and known as the son of the wind Pavanputra. Mahabeer Bikram Bajrangi, Kumati Nivaar Sumati Ke Sangi. Oh Hanumanji! You are valiant and brave, with a body like lightening. You are the dispeller of darkness of evil thoughts and companion of good sense and wisdom. Kanchan Baran Biraaj Subesaa, Kanan kundal kunchit kesa. Shri Hanumanjis physique is golden colored. His dress is pretty, wearing Kundals ear-rings and his hairs are long and curly. Hath Bajra Aur Dhvaja Biraje, Kandhe Moonj Janeu saage. Shri Hanumanji is holding in one hand a lighting bolt and in the other a banner with sacred thread across his shoulder. Shankar Suvna Kesari Nandan, Tej Pratap Maha Jag Vandan. Page 2 of 8 HANUMAN CHALISA Oh Hanumanji! : You are the emanation of SHIVA and you delight Shri Keshri. Being ever effulgent, you and hold vast sway over the universe. The entire world propitiates. You are adorable of all. Vidyavaan Guni Ati Chatur, Ram Kaj Karibe Ko Atur Oh! Shri Hanumanji! You are the repository learning, virtuous, very wise and highly keen to do the work of Shri Ram, Prabhu Charittra Sunibe Ko Rasiya, Ram Lakhan Sita man basiya. You are intensely greedy for listening to the narration of Lord Rams life story and revel on its enjoyment. You ever dwell in the hearts of Shri Ram-Sita and Shri Lakshman. Ram Lakshmana Janki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Ram Lakshmana Janki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Sukshma roop Dhari Siyahi Dikhawa, Bikat roop Dhari Lank Jarawa You appeared before Sita in a diminutive form and spoke to her, while you assumed an awesome form and struck terror by setting Lanka on fire. Bhim roop Dhari Asur Sanhare, Ramchandra Ke kaaj Savare. He, with his terrible form, killed demons in Lanka and performed all acts of Shri Ram. Laye Sajivan Lakhan Jiyaye, Shri Raghubir harashi ur laye. When Hanumanji made Lakshman alive after bringing Sanjivni herb, Shri Ram took him in his deep embrace, his heart full of joy. Raghupati Kinhi Bahut Badaai, Tum Mama Priya Bharat Sam Bahi. Shri Ram lustily extolled Hanumanjis excellence and remarked, you are as dear to me as my own brother Bharat Sahastra Badan Tumharo Jas Gaave, Asa kahi Shripati Kanth Laagave. Page 3 of 8 HANUMAN CHALISA Shri Ram embraced Hanumanji saying: Let the thousand tongued Sheshnaag sing your glories Sankadik Brahmadi Muneesa, Narad Sarad Sahit Aheesa Sanak and the sages, saints. Lord Brahma, the great hermits Narad and Goddess Saraswati along with Sheshnag the cosmic serpent, fail to sing the glories of Hanumanji exactly Jam Kuber Digpal Jahan Te, Kabi Kabid Kahin Sake Kahan Te What to talk of denizens of the earth like poets and scholars ones etc even Gods like Yamraj, Kuber, and Digpal fail to narrate Hanmans greatness in to-to. Tum Upkar Sugrivahi Keenha, Ram Miali Rajpad Deenha Hanumanji! You rendered a great service for Sugriva, It was you who united him with SHRI RAM and installed him on the Royal Throne. Ram Lakshmana Janki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Ram Lakshmana Janki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Tumharo Mantro Bibhishan Maana, Lankeshwar Bhaye Sab Jag Jaana. By heeding your advice Bhibishan became Lord of Lanka, which is known all over the universe. Juug Sahastra Jojan Par Bhaanu, Leelyo Taahi Madhur Phal Jaanu Hanumanji gulped, the SUN at distance of sixteen thousand miles considering it to be a sweet fruit. Prabhu Mudrika Meli Mukha Maaheen, Jaladhi Langhi Gaye Acharaya Naheen. Carrying the Lords ring in his mouth, he went across the ocean. There is no wonder in that. Page 4 of 8 HANUMAN CHALISA Durgam Kaaj Jagat Ke Jeete, Sugam Anugrah Tumahre Te Te. Oh Hanumanji! all the difficult tasks in the world are rendered easiest by your grace. Ram Duware Tum Rakhavare, Hot Na Aagya Bin Paisare. Oh Hanumanji! You are the sentinel at the door of Rams mercy mansion or His divine abode. No one may enter without your permission. Sab Sukh Lahen Tumhari Sarna, Tum Rakshak Kaahu Ko Darnaa. By your grace one can enjoy all happiness and one need not have any fear under your protection. Aapan Tej Samharo Aapei, Tenau Lok Hank Te Kanpei When you roar all the three worlds tremble and only you can control your might. Bhoot Pisaach Nikat Nahi Avei, Mahabir Jab Naam Sunavei. Great Brave on. Hanumanjis name keeps all the Ghosts, Demons evils spirits away from his devotees. Ram Lakshmana Janki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Ram Lakshmana Janki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Nasei Rog Hare Sab Peera, Japat Niranter Hanumant Beera On reciting Hanumanjis holy name regularly all the maladies perish and the entire pain disappears. Sankat Se Hanuman Chhudavei, Man Kram Bachan Dhyan Jo Lavei. Those who remembers Hanumanji in thought, word and deed are well guarded against their odds in life. Page 5 of 8 HANUMAN CHALISA Sub Par Ram Tapasvee Raaja, Tinke Kaaj Sakal Tum Saaja Oh Hanumanji! You are the caretaker of even Lord Rama, who has been hailed as the Supreme Lord and the Monarch of all those devoted in penances. Aur Manorath Jo Koi Lave, Ka Si Amit Jivan Phal Pave. Oh Hanumanji! You fulfill the desires of those who come to you and bestow the eternal nectar the highest fruit of life. Charo Juug Pratap Tumhara, Hai Prasiddha Jagat Ujiyara. Oh Hanumanji! You magnificent glory is acclaimed far and wide all through the four ages and your fame is radiantly noted all over the cosmos. Sadhu Sant Ke Tum Rakhvare, Asur Nikandan Ram Dulare. Oh Hanumanji! You are the savior and the guardian angel of saints and sages and destroy all the Demons, you are the seraphic darling of Shri Ram. Ashta Siddhi Nawa Nidhi Ke Data, Asa Bar Din Janki Mata. Hanumanji has been blessed with mother Janki to grant to any one any YOGIC power of eight Sidhis and Nava Nidhis as per choice. Ram Rasayan Tumhare Pasa, Sadaa Raho Raghupati Ke Dasa. Oh Hanumanji! You hold the essence of devotion to RAM, always remaining His Servant. Ashta Siddhi Nawa Nidhi Ke Data, Asa Bar Din Janki Mata. Ram Rasayan Tumhare Pasa, Sadaa Raho Raghupati Ke Dasa. Ram Lakshmana Janki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Ram Lakshmana Janki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Page 6 of 8 HANUMAN CHALISA Tumhare Bhajan Ramko Bhavei. Janam Janam Ke Dukh Bisravei. Oh Hanumanji! through devotion to you, one comes to RAM and becomes free from suffering of several lives. Anta Kaal Raghupati Pur Jai, Jahan Janma Hari Bhakta Kahai. After death he enters the eternal abode of Sri Ram and remains a devotee of him, whenever, taking new birth on earth. Aur Devata Chitt Na Dharai, Hanumant Sei Sarva Sukh Karai You need not hold any other demigod in mind. Hanumanji alone will give all happiness. Sankat Hare Mitey Sab Peera, Jo Sumirei Hanumant Balbeera Oh Powerful Hanumanji! You end the sufferings and remove all the pain from those who remember you. Jai Jai Jai Hanuman Gosai Jai Jai Jai Hanuman Gosai Kripa Karahu Gurudev Ki Naiee Hail-Hail-Hail-Lord Hanumanji! I beseech your Honor to bless me in the capacity of my supreme GURU (teacher). Jo Sat Baar Paath Kar Joi, Chhutahi Bandi Maha Sukh Hoi. One who recites this Hanuman Chalisa one hundred times daily for one hundred days becomes free from the bondage of life and death and enjoys the highest bliss at last. Jo Yah Padhe Hanuman Chalisa, Hoy Siddhi Sakhi Gaurisa As Lord Shankar witnesses, all those who recite Hanuman Chalisa regularly are sure to be benefited. Page 7 of 8 HANUMAN CHALISA Tulsidas Sada Hari Chera, Keeje Nath Hriday Mah Dera Keeje Nath Hriday Mah Dera Tulsidas always the servant of Lord prays. Oh my Lord! You enshrine within my heart.! Ram Lakshmana Janki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Ram Lakshmana Janki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Ram Lakshmana Janki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Ram Lakshmana Janki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Jai Bolo Hanuman Ki Page 8 of 8

Gender inequality summary Essays

Gender inequality summary Essays Gender inequality summary Essay Gender inequality summary Essay Also, since women can become pregnant at any time, employers do not want to deal with paid time off for paternal leave. Our group decided on two ideas that we feel would decrease the wage gap in the workplace immensely. The first idea is daddy leave and the second is a college campaign and petition. In Norway, they have a law in which new fathers receive ten weeks of paid time off that cannot be given to the mother. This changes the dynamic of their society to lessen the severe gender role differences like we have in the states. It allows men to be okay with taking ore of a role in raising their children and staying home with them. This idea transfers over into the hiring process in the workplace because women will not be discriminated against for the chance of pregnancy because men also receive the paternity leave. Also, the overall attitude that women should stay at home to take care of children changes as well. In the twenty years that Norway has implemented this law, the wage gap has decreased by almost half of what it was. The second idea our group came up with was to make college students and he younger generation aware of how severe this wage gap issue really is. We would start with our own campus at Grand Canyon University by posting up flyers with important facts around campus. We would then hold a meeting in Pets Coffee to go over the severity of the issue and how it affects our generation. A petition would be handed around to propose to the government that daddy leave should be implemented in our society. To market our proposal and make others aware, a free shirt would be handed out that reads equal pay for bee which would catch the attention of other allege students because of the lingo. : We would do this all in hopes that the petition would be passed around and receive enough votes to be considered by the government. Although it will take a long time for the wage gap to become equal, we believe that it is not impossible. If more people take a stand against the issue and put our ideas to work, over time that gap will decrease drastically. Since women are equal to men, there is no reason they shouldnt be able to hold the same jobs and receive the same pay.

Elizabeth Keckley, Mary Lincolns Dressmaker and Friend

Elizabeth Keckley, Mary Lincolns Dressmaker and Friend Elizabeth Keckley was a former slave who became the dressmaker and friend of Mary Todd Lincoln and a frequent visitor to the White House during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. Her memoir, which was ghost-written (and spelled her surname as Keckley though she seemed to have written it as Keckly) and published in 1868, provided an eyewitness account to life with the Lincolns. The book appeared under controversial circumstances, and was apparently suppressed at the direction of Lincolns son, Robert Todd Lincoln. But despite the controversy surrounding the book, Keckleys accounts of Abraham Lincolns personal work habits, observations on the everyday circumstances of the Lincoln family, and a moving account of the death of young Willie Lincoln, have been considered reliable. Fast Facts: Elizabeth Keckley Born: About 1818, Virginia.Died: May 1907, Washington, D.C.Known for: Former slave who opened a dressmaking business in Washington, D.C., before the Civil War and became a trusted friend of Mary Todd Lincoln.Publication: Wrote a memoir of life in the White House during the Lincoln administration which provided unique insight into the Lincoln family. Her friendship with Mary Todd Lincoln, though unlikely, was genuine. Keckleys role as a frequent companion of the first lady was depicted in the Steven Spielberg film Lincoln, in which Keckley was portrayed by actress Gloria Rueben. Early Life of Elizabeth Keckley Elizabeth Keckley was born in Virginia in 1818 and spent the first years of her life living on the grounds of Hampden-Sydney College. Her owner, Col. Armistead Burwell, worked for the college. Lizzie was assigned work, which would have been typical for slave children. According to her memoir, she was beaten and whipped when she failed at tasks. She learned to sew growing up, as her mother, also a slave, was a seamstress. But young Lizzie resented not being able to receive an education. When Lizzie was a child, she believed a slave named George Hobbs, who belonged to the owner of a another Virginia farm, was her father. Hobbs was allowed to visit Lizzie and her mother on holidays, but during Lizzies childhood the owner of Hobbs moved to Tennessee, taking his slaves with him. Lizzie had memories of saying goodbye to her father. She never saw George Hobbs again. Lizzie later learned that her father was actually Col. Burwell, the man who had owned her mother. Slave owners fathering children with female slaves was not uncommon in the South, and at the age of 20 Lizzie herself had a child with a plantation owner who lived nearby. She raised the child, whom she named George. When she was in her mid-twenties, a member of the family who owned her moved to St. Louis to begin a law practice, taking Lizzie and her son along. In St. Louis she resolved to eventually buy her freedom, and with the help of white sponsors, she was eventually able to obtain legal papers declaring herself and her son free. She had been married to another slave, and thus acquired the last name Keckley, but the marriage did not last. With some letters of introduction, she traveled to Baltimore, seeking to start a business making dresses. She found little opportunity in Baltimore, and moved to Washington, D.C., where she was able to set herself up in business. Washington Career Keckleys dressmaking business began to flourish in Washington. The wives of politicians and military officers often needed fancy gowns to attend events, and a talented seamstress, as Keckley was, could obtain a number of clients. According to Keckleys memoir, she was contracted by the wife of Senator Jefferson Davis to sew dresses and work in the Davis household in Washington. She thus met Davis a year before he would become president of the Confederate States of America. Keckley also recalled sewing a dress for the wife of Robert E. Lee at the time when he was still an officer in the U.S. Army. Following the election of 1860, which brought Abraham Lincoln to the White House, the slave states began to secede and Washington society changed. Some of Keckleys customers traveled southward, but new clients arrived in town. Keckley's Role In the Lincoln White House In the spring of 1860 Abraham Lincoln, his wife Mary, and their sons moved to Washington to take up residence in the White House. Mary Lincoln, who was already gaining a reputation for acquiring fine dresses, was looking for a new dressmaker in Washington. The wife of an Army officer recommended Keckley to Mary Lincoln. And after a meeting at the White House on the morning after Lincolns inauguration in 1861, Keckley was hired by Mary Lincoln to create dresses and dress the first lady for important functions. There is no question that Keckleys placement in the Lincoln White House made her a witness to how the Lincoln family lived. And while Keckleys memoir was obviously ghost-written, and is no doubt embellished, her observations have been considered credible. One of the most moving passages in Keckleys memoir is the account of the illness of young Willie Lincoln in early 1862. The boy, who was 11, became sick, perhaps from polluted water in the White House. He died in the executive mansion on February 20, 1862. Keckley recounted the sorrowful state of the Lincolns when Willie died and described how she helped prepare his body for the funeral. She vividly described how Mary Lincoln had descended into a period of deep mourning. It was Keckley who told the story of how Abraham Lincoln had pointed out the window to an insane asylum, and said to his wife, Try to control your grief or it will drive you mad, and we may have to send you there. Historians have noted that the incident could not have happened as described, as there was no asylum within view of the White House. But her account of Mary Lincolns emotional problems still seem generally credible. Keckley's Memoir Caused Controversy Elizabeth Keckley became more than an employee of Mary Lincoln, and the women seemed to develop a close friendship which spanned the entire time the Lincoln family lived in the White House. On the night Lincoln was assassinated, Mary Lincoln sent for Keckley, though she did not receive the message until the following morning. Arriving at the White House on the day of Lincolns death, Keckley found Mary Lincoln nearly irrational with grief. According to Keckleys memoir, she remained with Mary Lincoln during the weeks when Mary Lincoln would not leave the White House as Abraham Lincolns body was returned to Illinois during a two-week funeral which traveled by train. The women stayed in touch after Mary Lincoln moved to Illinois, and in 1867 Keckley became involved in a scheme in which Mary Lincoln tried to sell some valuable dresses and furs in New York City. The plan was to have Keckley act as an intermediary so buyers would not know the items belonged to Mary Lincoln, but the plan fell through. Mary Lincoln returned to Illinois, and Keckley, left in New York City, found work which coincidentally put her in touch with a family connected to a publishing business. According to a newspaper interview she gave when she was nearly 90 years old, Keckley was essentially duped into writing her memoir with the help of a ghost writer. When her book was published in 1868, it attracted attention as it presented facts about the Lincoln family which no one could have known. At the time it was considered very scandalous, and Mary Lincoln resolved to have nothing more to do with Elizabeth Keckley. The book became hard to obtain, and it was widely rumored that Lincolns oldest son, Robert Todd Lincoln, had been buying up all available copies to prevent it from achieving wide circulation. Despite the peculiar circumstances behind the book, it has survived as a fascinating document of life in the Lincoln White House. And it established that one of the closest confidantes of Mary Lincoln was indeed a dressmaker who had once been a slave. Sources: Keckley, Elizabeth. Behind the Scenes, Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years In the White House. New York City, G.W. Carleton Company, 1868. Russell, Thaddeus. Keckley, Elizabeth.  Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, edited by Colin A. Palmer, 2nd ed., vol. 3, Macmillan Reference USA, 2006, pp. 1229-1230.  Gale Virtual Reference Library. Keckley, Elizabeth Hobbs.  Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2nd ed., vol. 28, Gale, 2008, pp. 196-199.  Gale Virtual Reference Library. Brennan, Carol. Keckley, Elizabeth 1818–1907.  Contemporary Black Biography, edited by Margaret Mazurkiewicz, vol. 90, Gale, 2011, pp. 101-104.  Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Report - Essay Example This is made much more difficult because it does not guarantee that they would secure a job as soon as they complete the University education. The high costs of the post secondary education is putting pressure on the families especially those with low-income levels, and this may influence the educational trends of individuals in the near future. The contents of the article are reliable because it is an extract of a report in the Financial Post online magazine, well-known for credentials in the contents of the articles they publish. The author is also well-known and credible based on the information in his previous articles posted in the Financial Post magazine. The author also makes use of credible sources of the statistics he uses to compare the current and the past tuition fees; the Canadian center for policy report and Statistics Canada among others. The information contained in the article reflects the actual state of affairs for a Canadian University student in the contemporary society which the students can identify. The author uses the comparison of the present charges of fees in the Canadian Universities making the information reliable. Eisen, Wensveen, B., & Wensveen, J. (2012, July 9). Arguments for cheap tuition are not supported by evidence. Troy Media. Retrieved from http://www.troymedia.com/2012/07/09/arguments-for-cheap-tuition-are-not-supported-by-evidence/ The article is a presentation of an analysis of Ivanova’s argument that high fees prevent individuals especially from the poor families from accessing the higher education programs in Canada. The authors compare and contrast these arguments with others throughout the article and eventually do prove that there are better means of encouraging individuals to seek higher education besides lowering tuition fees. This, for instance, is because students from average backgrounds tend to have low grades that cannot allow them to join the higher education centers compared to students from higher social statuses with high grades. Policies that encourage students to embrace learning and performance in the early stages of their education may prove more productive. The Universities also have support services that allow average students with the qualifications to join the Universities by offering the financial support needed. Thus, other factors besides the increased fees prevent learners from pursuing further education. The data in the article are reliable based on the fact the authors analyzing the information are known policy analysts and analysts at the frontier center for public policy and have written previous credible works. The data analyzed are also related to the intensive research on education trends in both Ontario and Quebec institutions. The argument revolves around real life experiences with the tuition fees and the financial statuses of the students in the universities, hence, there are no assumptions on the availed figures. The source of the article is also cre dible, as Troy Media is a credible site for reliable information and data. Ryan, S. (2012, June 1). The case for zero tuition. National Post. Retrieved from http://fullcomment.nationalpost.com/2012/06/01/sid-ryan-the-case-for-zero-tuition/ The article

The Automobile Industry in the Early 1900s Essay

The Automobile Industry in the Early 1900s - Essay Example Nonetheless, the automobile continues its role of an everyday necessity in developing countries and in the third world. As the Economist states the current situation: The car industry makes nearly 60 million cars and trucks every year and employs millions of people around the world. Products are responsible for almost half the world’s oil consumption and their manufacture uses up nearly half the world’s annual output of glass and rubber and 15% of steel. The car industry is the epitome of mass production, mass marketing and mass consumption involving some of the strongest brands in the world. However, in America, Europe and Japan, where over 80% of the world’s cars and trucks are sold, the industry has been running out of growth (The Economist, 2004). Despite the fact that the earlier inventions of the automobile were done in Europe, the city of Detroit in the United States played an important role in the evolution of the automobile industry. Since as early as the 1920’s Detroit has been called â€Å"The Motor City† in acknowledgement of the historical milestones and current achievements it has had in this regard. Although Henry Ford is well known for greatly adapting the assembly line to change how the car was made, the concept was invented by Oldsmobile pioneer Ransome Olds. Ford took that basic concept and improved on it by adding a conveyor belt, and with it, efficiency and mass production took place. At the turn of the century, cars were being invented and produced in a very small-scale manner, many of which took place in backyards of homes mostly in Europe and in US states such as Michigan. In 2000, Wibbeling and Heng describe the period thus: The beginning of the automobile industry was characterized by craft production. The organizations were extremely decentralized and many of the skilled craftsmen were their own bosses, service as independent contractors within a plant. This mode of

Writer's choice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Writer's choice - Research Paper Example ystem’s security requirements and gives a description of the controls that are in place or are planned to meet the security requirements (Nancy & Gregory, 2011). While securing systems, users can be one of the weakest links, and they, therefore, need to be trained adequately for them to understand system security risks. The NIST requires a cybersecurity profile to outline clearly the alignment of the functions, categories and subcategories of the business requirements, risk tolerance and resources within the organization. The cyber security profile identifies opportunities for improvement of the cyber security and moving the system from its current to a better state in terms of security. This paper will look at some security measures considered incorporated in a system security plan. These are safeguards incorporated in a computer, systems software, operation, and related devices for protection of critical IT resources against vulnerabilities both internally and externally. Implementation of effective logical access controls, an organization significantly reduces the risks to the system environment. Some logical access controls that have been incorporated into the system include assignment of access privileges, object re-use, session controls, re-certification of users, encryption, networking, dial-in, as well as use of warning banners. The core of an access-control system aims at securing evaluation of whether an established identity can access a particular computing resource, which is also called an object. A resource may be a service of some sort, an information receptacle such as a file or a Web resource like a uniform resource identifier (URI). The access control is decided over an existent security context and a controlled resource (Benantar, 2006). Intrusion detection systems are widely used in the enhancement of the security of information systems. The intrusion detection system detects and tracks the slightest signs of malicious activity and also keep

Development Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Development Strategy - Essay Example and growth of specialized stores the competitive landscape became much more diversified. 'Boots operates in an extremely competitive environment where the pace of decision-making and speed of implementation is integral to success," said Boots' chief executive Richard Baker.' (WWD, Jan 23, 2004, p.13). In response to the changes of the environmental factors Boots Group has undertaken a number of measures. Among them are launch of the customer loyalty programmes, sale of non-core business branches, plans for merger etc. One of the examples is the loyalty programme that has been commenced early in the year. 'Customers earn four points for every 1 [pounds sterling] spent. They can buy goods with points, each point advantage card earned being worth a penny. Customers can also collect points on the Boots website, boots.com, but can't spend them on the site.' (Grocer, Feb 19, 2005 p45) The possibility to unite the efforts and capabilities with one more strong market player is for Boots Group another way of addressing the struggle for profits in a competitive environment. In October 2005 the company announced that 'it has been in talks for about six months regarding a merger with rival Alliance UniChem. The transaction was approved by both companies' respective executive boards and shareholders and is expected to be finalized in April, 2006.' (Hoovers 2005) The America's Intelligence Wire, Oct 3, 2005 noted that 'the merger comes after Boots. . .refused to reiterate profit guidance for the year amid slowing U.K. consumer spending and competition with Britain's top retailer, Tesco PLC'. Taken into account that the shareholders and potential investors are two more integral parts of the company's business environment, the rumours about possible merger that have been circulating for six months had significant influence on the stock performance. The ambiguity of the future outcome has partially caused the decline in the stock price earlier in the year followed by the increase after the announcement of merger has been made. (Reuters Quote 2005). The goal of the merger is to create 'an international, pharmacy-led company with a combined turnover of L13.0 billion ($23.11 billion), to operate under the name Alliance Boots. However, their proposal might yet be scuppered as several private-equity firms are reported to be looking at making a bid for Boots following the news that it is up for sale. Among these are KKR, Permira and Apax'. (Pharma Marketletter, Oct 10, 2005 p0) Another environmental aspect that becomes more and more important with the course of Boots expansion into the US market is the economic, social and political factors and the specifics of this market. The groups plan to gain strength in the US retail market in the upcoming few years: The firm is boosting its beauty product presence in U.S. retail partners CVS and Target, and by this fall, Boots beauty items will be offered in 130 stores, up from 32, which will give it entry into the key markets of Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Dallas, Minneapolis and suburban New York and Boston. This effort will also help the retailer gather data on how to successfully expand here nationwide in 2006 within these retailers. (Moore 2005, p.1) Organizational Audit The internal environment of the Boots Company is built upon a strong notion of

Interest groups Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Interest groups - Dissertation Example This paper studies how the roles of the interest groups within the modern day American politics has shaped up, and how these roles are translated to bring out a true message for the Americans. What is even more significant here is the fact that this study aims to find which strategies are made use of by these interest groups to achieve their respective goals as far as the lengths and breadths of United States are concerned. Also the due role of the National Rifle Association as an interest group has been detailed within this discussion which only adds meat to it in the long run. ... inquire about the areas where interest groups have been able to provide their services and to see if these areas have any political perspectives present as well To explore the due role of the National Rifle Association as an interest group that has done much for the United States over a passage of time Methodology The methodology used within this paper is entirely dependent on the usage of secondary research which is the research that has been gained through evidence and available resources. The secondary research always comes ahead with the passage of time and is manifested through books, journals, newspapers, magazines, periodicals, TV interviews and reports, etc. The methodology lists down the areas from which information has been extracted for the completion of this study and the manner in which it has been done suggests the authenticity that is much required for this paper. The Role Played by the Interest Groups in American Politics Interest groups within the United States are b uilt up in such a way that they have their respective aims and objectives. The reasons why they exist are difficult to ascertain because they are serving the interests of varied stakeholders. The manner in which they operate is visible to everyone yet they exist to make sure that their interests are met in a priority basis. These interest groups have their own vested interests and they can go to any limit to make sure that they are recognized, their work done in a proper way and the results are such that nearly everyone can see and decipher easily. Now how these interest groups bring success is dependent on how well they have been devised in the first place. If these interest groups are working to satisfy a general audience, then the interests will remain broad but if these interest groups

Development Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Development Strategy - Essay Example and growth of specialized stores the competitive landscape became much more diversified. 'Boots operates in an extremely competitive environment where the pace of decision-making and speed of implementation is integral to success," said Boots' chief executive Richard Baker.' (WWD, Jan 23, 2004, p.13). In response to the changes of the environmental factors Boots Group has undertaken a number of measures. Among them are launch of the customer loyalty programmes, sale of non-core business branches, plans for merger etc. One of the examples is the loyalty programme that has been commenced early in the year. 'Customers earn four points for every 1 [pounds sterling] spent. They can buy goods with points, each point advantage card earned being worth a penny. Customers can also collect points on the Boots website, boots.com, but can't spend them on the site.' (Grocer, Feb 19, 2005 p45) The possibility to unite the efforts and capabilities with one more strong market player is for Boots Group another way of addressing the struggle for profits in a competitive environment. In October 2005 the company announced that 'it has been in talks for about six months regarding a merger with rival Alliance UniChem. The transaction was approved by both companies' respective executive boards and shareholders and is expected to be finalized in April, 2006.' (Hoovers 2005) The America's Intelligence Wire, Oct 3, 2005 noted that 'the merger comes after Boots. . .refused to reiterate profit guidance for the year amid slowing U.K. consumer spending and competition with Britain's top retailer, Tesco PLC'. Taken into account that the shareholders and potential investors are two more integral parts of the company's business environment, the rumours about possible merger that have been circulating for six months had significant influence on the stock performance. The ambiguity of the future outcome has partially caused the decline in the stock price earlier in the year followed by the increase after the announcement of merger has been made. (Reuters Quote 2005). The goal of the merger is to create 'an international, pharmacy-led company with a combined turnover of L13.0 billion ($23.11 billion), to operate under the name Alliance Boots. However, their proposal might yet be scuppered as several private-equity firms are reported to be looking at making a bid for Boots following the news that it is up for sale. Among these are KKR, Permira and Apax'. (Pharma Marketletter, Oct 10, 2005 p0) Another environmental aspect that becomes more and more important with the course of Boots expansion into the US market is the economic, social and political factors and the specifics of this market. The groups plan to gain strength in the US retail market in the upcoming few years: The firm is boosting its beauty product presence in U.S. retail partners CVS and Target, and by this fall, Boots beauty items will be offered in 130 stores, up from 32, which will give it entry into the key markets of Washington, D.C., San Francisco, Dallas, Minneapolis and suburban New York and Boston. This effort will also help the retailer gather data on how to successfully expand here nationwide in 2006 within these retailers. (Moore 2005, p.1) Organizational Audit The internal environment of the Boots Company is built upon a strong notion of

The DVLA System Case Study ( ISD) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The DVLA System Case Study ( ISD) - Essay Example Therefore, these companies can immediately get in touch with DVLA for updating their vehicle data base. Individual is generally required to inform the DVLA when they buy or sell a used vehicle. If the registration document is a two part registration document (V5) then DVLA is to be informed as soon as the individual buys a used vehicle, generally by completing the back of the registration document. In case it is the three part (V5), then the person selling the vehicle must complete buyer details in the top (blue) section. Both the buyer and the seller need to sign the declaration. The seller then sends it to DVLA. If the registration certificate is V5C, then the seller is to complete section 6 new keeper or new name/new address details of the V5C. Both buyer and seller need to sign the declaration in section 8. Then the seller sends it to DVLA. This information will be passed on to the DVLA Distribution department. This department sorts out data depending upon whether the car is old or new. This finalized information is then kept in the ‘car information file’ for further reference and action. VED department then generates the reports for further action depending upon the cost, size criteria of the cars. Reports are also generated about the mileage of cars and accordingly taxes are determined. VED also keeps track of the sense of discipline during, amongst the drivers. This helps in encouraging sensible drivers and punishing the errant ones’. DVLA sales department is also a source of revenue for the agency. It sells the personalized number plates to desirous one’s. The information search department takes input from the system and helps in keeping track of all types of information. An entity is something that is supposed to have a distinct, separate existence and identity. In this category, generally we take person, place, thing, event, or concept, about which information is to be stored.

Expository Essay Essay Example for Free

Expository Essay Essay #3 focusing on the importance of the past and how ‘The Kite Runner’ shows no matter how deeply it might be buried, it finds a way to re-surfacing Have you ever tried to run away from your past? And did it work for you? Well in the book we learn that a lot of characters try to run away from their past, for instance Baba hiding the fact that Hassan is also his son or when Amir witnessed Hassan being raped. They all tried to run away from their past but it all caught up with them in the end, like Amir said â€Å"My past was like that always turning up†. There is no way to hide from your past, whether you try to run away from it or bury it as deep as you can because the past always claws it way out. An example could be Amir trying to forget that he was a bystander to Hassan’s rape. He tried to forget everything, delete everything that happened about that night. ‘But even though life goes on memories remain forever’. He lied about Hassan stealing his watch and money thought chasing Ali and Hassan away might help him forget or ease his pain . When he received that phone call from Rahim Khan saying there is a way to be good again, he knew that it was time for him to face his fear. Going back to Kabul frightened him, he was about to face his deepest fear, everything in Kabul changed it was not the same. He wanted to make his father proud and be the brave man his father expected and longed for, just like Hassan. Sometimes it’s not always our guilt that forbids us to forget but the judgement of people in our community. When she ran away with her older boyfriend and moved in with him, she was seen as a disgraceful girl with no respect in the Afghan community. Soraya status is later restored when she gets married to Amir who’s a much respected man in the afghan community. Sometimes keeping a secret could be the cause of our death. In Baba case we learn that the cause o his death could be keeping the secret that Hassan was his son. When his diagnosed with cancer he refuses the treatment, possibly because he has accepted that was his punishment for his ‘sin’. On the end Baba dies as a tortured soul. Furthermore we learn that we the past cannot be forgotten or ignored but we can make peace with it. The kite runner illustrates that we learn from our mistakes which helps to be better people and more accepting of others. Like Amir said,’for the first time since the winter of 1975 I felt at peace†¦ Healed at last ‘.

International Marketing: Franchising and Entrepreneurship

International Marketing: Franchising and Entrepreneurship The past twenty years has seen an unprecedented internationalisation of business and growth of multinational organisations.   Some analysts credit these large multinational firms with more economic impact than many nation states.   This has greatly changed the way marketing is done.   Global markets are extremely difficult to define, and variables significantly more complex and diverse.   The decision to take a company outside the UK involves careful analysis of risk and benefit factors, consideration and selection of potential markets, planned market entry, and development of market penetration over time.   While this can be done through a number of strategies, franchising is a growing means of achieving international presence.   In particular, McDonald’s and The United Colors of Benetton represent two distinct yet successful examples of effective international marketing in globally franchising firms. DECIDING TO FRANCHISE INTERNATIONALLY With the increase in international franchising and its impact on marketing, a number of studies have been conducted on various related aspects.   One first consideration in literature is what leads to the decision to go international, and how this stimulates marketing within the firm.   It is first helpful to consider the relationship between parent companies and their subsidiaries, whether franchises, partnerships, or company-owned outlets.   Structurally, large multinationals such as McDonald’s and Benetton are â€Å"better viewed as inter-organisational networks than monolithic hierarchies,† because each subsidiary can take actions that affect the company as a whole (Birkinshaw 2000, 2).   Corporate structure is determined by interplay between parent and subsidiary, with both responding to and driving needed changes in the business environment (Birkinshaw 2000, 4).   Sometimes it will be the subsidiary that pursues markets, making a â€Å"proactive and del iberate pursuit of a new business opportunity† in order to â€Å"expand its scope of responsibility† (Birkinshaw 2000, 2). Eroglu (1992) studied determinants in firms’ decisions to franchise internationally.   He found two sets of â€Å"perceptual variables – perceived risks and perceived benefits – † determine a company’s decision (19).   When the perceived benefits outweighed the perceived risks, the company would proceed with expansion.   Cost/benefit analysis in one common method for measuring benefits versus risk, but again, is filtered through the perceptual opinions of decision makers.   It is therefore to consider the variables as perceived benefits and perceived risks (Eroglu 1992, 23). Additional research cites factors leading to international franchising as either push factors or pull factors.   Push factors include market saturation, competition, and diminishing domestic profits (Alon and McKee 1999, 76).   For example, after fifty years of franchising in the United States, there are a limited number of good locations for domestic franchises that do not already have a McDonald’s restaurant.   Should McDonald’s continue to build restaurants in a saturated market, they will begin to cannibalise each other, with one McDonald’s competing with another nearby for market share.   This is not a healthy long-term scenario for either the franchisee or the parent company.   In the case of Benetton, more and more fashion retailers start-ups and expansions have greatly increased competition within the sector (Barela 2003, 114). This competition reduces the potential and actual profits of both current and future outlets, causing the firm to explo re other markets where competition is less intense, and market share more easily won.   Pull factors include political changes, such as the opening of Eastern block countries to Western investment, economic changes, such as the growth of a formerly underdeveloped nation to the point it can sustain retail outlets, and the formation of regional trading units that seek out franchise opportunities (Alon and McKee 1999, 76).   Both McDonald’s and Benetton have been swift to move into emerging markets, even when other multinationals have delayed.   For example, franchises in Kazakhstan require complex business licenses, which has deterred foreign investors.   Benetton is one of the few Western companies to move into Kazakhstan, doing so through its typical franchise license method (Anon 2001, 5).   Nigeria was not an initial new market target for McDonald’s, as the average worker there will work over eleven hours to pay for a value meal.   However, the company has entered the country successfully at the initiation of local franchisees, who locate their restaurants in more economically viable areas of the country (Vignali 2001, 97).   Global market initiatives are often â€Å"driven by unmet product or market needs amongst non-local suppliers and customers (Birkinshaw 2000, 23).   In addition to push and pull factors, there are two theories in the study of franchising that explain the decision to move into international locations.   Both address one of the most debated topics in franchising research: why the parent company would want to franchise, when company-owned units provide a higher rate of return (Elango and Fried 1997, 69).   Once a business achieves a certain size, it is more profitable to the parent company if wholly owned.   For example, a typical franchisee may make a forty percent margin, and pay half of that to the parent company.   â€Å"With the right economies of scale, the franchisor could recoup more of that profit margin by owning the company outright† (Hoar 2003, 78). The first, resource scarcity theory, contends that companies lack the resources such as capital, local market knowledge, and managerial talent to open international outlets on their own (Altinay 2004, 427).   By recruiting local franchisees who supply capital, management, and knowledge of the local market, franchising organisations can achieve internationalisation not otherwise possible (Altinay 2004, 427).   The parent company would not be able to expand, particularly on an international level, without the assets offered by the franchisee.   This theory is more easily applied to small and medium-sized firms which obviously lack the assets for internationalisation than it is to either McDonald’s or Benetton.   Interestingly both organisations do have some company-owned holdings.   For McDonald’s part, Ray Kroc once contended he was in the real estate business, not the restaurant business, citing the large passive income generated from the leasing of McDonaldâ €™s properties to individual franchisees (Vignali 2001, 97).   Agency theory is based on the relationship between the principal party, in this case the parent company, who owns or control a set of economic assets or functions.   They delegate work to the agent, in this case the franchisee, who operate on the principal’s behalf (Doherty and Quinn 1999, 227).   The theory stresses the importance of the process of the transfer of information, the problem of information asymmetry, and monitoring costs associated with both (Doherty and Quinn 1999, 224).   Jensen and Meckling (1975) explain information asymmetry problems occur because the franchisee has detailed information about franchise operations that are not communicated to the parent company, and this causes division between the aims of the parent company and the franchisee.   This is enhanced by the natural tendency for franchisees to operate in their own best interests, even at the expense of the parent company (Altinay 2004, 427).   Applying Agency Theory to a firm’s d ecision to franchise internationally, the company usually does so on the basis of lower costs and decreased risk.   Since salaried managers would be likely to under perform, going with franchisees increases the likelihood of dedicated performance, and therefore reduced monitoring costs (Elango and Fried 1997, 71).   This theory contends that while both McDonald’s and Benetton could open company-owned outlets instead of franchise, the inherent risk and monitoring requirements to the parent company outweigh the economic gains versus franchising.   Internationalisation of a retail entity, such as Benetton, involves the development of operations, sourcing of products, and transfer of expertise.   Doherty and Quinn (1999) cite a number of research studies, which conclude that franchising is a highly effective way to achieve desired results in all three areas in the retail sector (225).   Franchises â€Å"provide the parent company advantages such as economies of scale in marketing and production, while providing or entrepreneurial discretion at the unit level† (Elango and Fried 1997, 68).   In addition, franchises impact the overall marketing strategy and specific marketing activities of the firm as a whole.   Any increase in business activity, such as new outlets or product, should generate additional marketing.   In particular, international franchising usually requires adaptation of marketing products to the local cultures.   In the case of Benetton’s social awareness campaigns, marketing product was intended to be used globally, although some areas and retailers found some of the photos disturbing or inappropriate (Barela 2003, 118).   While the series certainly raised awareness and sales did increase during the time they were in use, there is contention whether the marketing scheme helped or hurt retailers’ bottom line in many locations (Barela 2003, 118).   While McDonald’s has had its own less effective marketing programmes, it has not created the same type of reaction as Benetton.   McDonald’s thoroughly researches each new market to determine the best, most effective, and least offensive marketing practices.   Only then is a marketing mix de veloped.   This often leads to the company adapting its global marketing strategy and components for a specific geographical region or cultural group (Vignali 2001, 97).   MARKET CHOICE Choice of market has also been a subject of much research.   â€Å"Each   concept and country must be considered separately in relation to a multitude of issues about the market, potential franchisees, legal matters, receptivity to franchising in general, and feasibility of the particular concept† (Maynard 1995, 69).   â€Å"In international markets, franchise relations are influenced by the extent to which the overseas franchise system can be transferred into the local market in terms of product acceptance, suitable local presentation and transferable support services† (Connell 1999, 86).   Legal concerns are of particular importance, since they differ so greatly from country to country.   For example, there is currently no legislation in the UK that regulates franchising (Hoar 2003, 77).   The European Union adopted block exemption for franchises, which protects them from antitrust laws.   â€Å"France, Mexico, and Brazil have enacted laws similar to th ose of the United States, requiring franchisors to provide presale disclosure to prospective franchisees, while Australia and Italy have adopted voluntary codes pertaining to presale disclosure and other requirements† (Maynard 1995, 71).   Atlinay (2004), citing a number of research studies, determined that several organisational determinants directly impact market choice.   Organisation size greatly determines the number of franchises that can be supported, as each must be supplied with product and support (Altinay 2004, 429).   Operating and international experience have both been shown to positively effect the decision to franchise.   In general, the greater the experience of decision-makers, particularly if they have lived or worked abroad successfully, the greater likelihood they will pursue markets beyond current operations.   (Altinay 2004, 429).   Company leaders may also recognise that competitive pressures in current markets make growth and expansion there unlikely or prohibitively expensive.   Similarly, the external environment of the markets under consideration may make them more or less attractive to potential investors (Altinay 2004, 429).   For example, some governments have highly restric tive business laws, while others provide little or no protection for franchisers.   The former makes both starting and doing business difficult, while the latter puts the franchiser at risk.   A supposed franchisee could simply take the business model or proprietary systems and go out on their own, cutting the franchiser out of their rightful position in the relationship. Other researchers have concluded geographical and cultural proximity are major determinants of market choice (Alon and McKee 1999, 76-77).   Specifically, organisations will choose markets based on their physical closeness or cultural similarities to the head office.   For example, the areas most likely to begin franchises of UK businesses are Ireland and France, while US franchisers first target Canada and Mexico (Alexander and Doherty 2003, 15).   The logistical issues of transporting people and product are greatly reduced when franchises expand into nearby countries, rather than ones far removed.   After geographically immediate countries, the next areas targeted for franchise are those with similar cultures to the organisation’s host country (Alexander and Doherty 2003, 15).   For example, UK retailers franchising in the US, Canada, or Australia can expect relatively similar customer groups, requiring little adaptation of product or marketing materials.   Train ing, advertising, and other organisation material can remain in English, with no need for translation or significant cultural variations (Alexander and Doherty 2003, 16).   In practice, some franchisers leave market choice almost entirely up to the initiation of franchisees, while others are more proactive.   In a best-case scenario, both the subsidiary and parent company evaluate the local market, the internal market, and the global market when considering possible markets (Birkinshaw 2000, 9).   For example, McDonald’s both requires market justification from franchisees and carefully evaluates each new market opportunity before allowing franchisees to proceed (Vignali 2001, 97).   Market approval is heavily dependent on resource allocation, that is, there must be sufficient resources available and available at that location for the market choice to go forward (Birkinshaw 2000, 45).   MARKET ENTRY Various factors have been found to contribute to the method, location, and timing of market entry.   First, there are a number of different methods used in international expansion and franchising.   Direct franchising, joint ventures, and master franchising are all common.   In direct franchising, the parent company seeks out potential franchisees in market areas it has selected for development (Maynard 1995, 66).   While it requires greater involvement by the parent company, it also allows the organisation to be more selective in franchisee choice and therefore have more control over the foreign operation (Maynard 1995, 68).   Franchisees may be solicited through newspapers or similar media outlets, but are more commonly sought through recommendations of other successful franchisees (Noren 2001, 62).   This method is similar to the licensing franchise arrangement typical of Benetton retailers worldwide; in some areas Benetton relies on a master franchiser, described belo w (Barela 2003, 116).   McDonald’s develops most of its franchises through a hybrid form of direct franchising, although individual franchisees initiate the franchising opportunity with McDonald’s, rather than the organisation needing to seek them out (Noren 2001, 63). Sometimes the parent company actually joins with a local firm to move into a foreign market.   This can be through acquisition or merger, but is more commonly accomplished through a joint venture.   This is when the companies join forces to create a distinct third company owned by both partner firms† (Maynard 1995, 66).   â€Å"Joint ventures create more-cumber-some tax and financial issues than the other two approaches, but they have other advantages, which vary depending on the partnership arrangement† (Maynard 1995, 68).  Ã‚   The created company then sometimes initiates or supervises franchise relations within its country or geographical region, and sometimes oversees company-owned units (Maynard 1995, 68). The most common approach to international franchising, and one used in part by Benetton, is the master franchisee.   This person is typically a well-capitalized local businessperson, with good understanding of local laws and culture, established relationships, and knowledge of the marketplace (Maynard 1995, 67).   They are recruited through local media such as newspapers, industry sources such as trade magazines, and international brokers.   Some governments also assist in the process; for example, the United States Department of commerce â€Å"seeks out foreign partners for US companies through its Gold Key program† (Maynard 1995, 69).   In this model, the master franchisee purchases the rights to develop franchise units within a specific area; this territory is often an entire country.   â€Å"After establishing a successful track record, the franchisee may be granted additional territories† (Maynard 1995, 67).   Master franchising requires minimal cost an d involvement on the part of the parent company, yet provides some accountability within the geographic region (Maynard 1995, 68).   Most importantly, â€Å"the master franchisee provides local expertise and oversight of the sub-franchisees whom it chooses to operate individual stores† (Maynard 1995, 68).   Finally, franchisers are â€Å"often approached by would-be master franchisees, who perceive a market for the product or service in a region† (Maynard 1995, 69).   Such contacts â€Å"have opened the door to international expansion for many companies† (Maynard 1995, 69).   Some initiatives put forth by franchisees involve operations within the company.   â€Å"The most critical facilitator of internal market initiatives is the credibility of the subsidiary in the eyes of the parent company† (Birkinshaw 2000, 26).   Such initiatives are geared towards rationalising and reconfiguring the systems within the parent company and increasing the efficiency of resource use, rather than improving external variables or increasing the firm’s resource base (Birkinshaw 2000, 27-28).  Ã‚   McDonald’s has is positioned itself as inexpensive fast food in the United States; its pricing is relatively low as are customers’ quality expectations (Vignali 2001, 97).   In the UK, restaurant prices are significantly higher in general.   Consumers are willing to spend more for restaurant food but also have higher expectations of product quality and service (Vignali 2001, 97).   McDonald’s determines prices for its franchisees based on their local positioning and the prices of competitors (Vignali 2001, 97). In addition, McDonalds’ strategy of place is standardised; the organisation seeks easily-access, high traffic locations regardless of the country or region where the restaurant will be located.   Facilities are also similar, although with subtle regional variations (Vignali 2001, 97).   Benetton similarly emphasises location; as a high-end fashion retailer it is imperative its retailers locate in upscale shopping areas, again regardless of the country where the new outlet is located (Barela 2003, 116).   This allows them to support the higher prices and quality of their products.   For these reasons both organisations require location approval from their franchisees, and do not allow movement of outlets without permission from the head office (Vignali 2001, 97; Barela 2003, 116). Overall, direct and master franchising are the most commonly used methods for market entry by UK firms.   They allow firms of various sizes, from small chains to large multinationals, to successfully internationalise.   Companies can both grow globally and â€Å"reap the benefits of size without sacrificing the benefits of local presence† (Birkinshaw 2000, 1).   The British Franchise Association (BFA) reports nearly seven hundred franchise systems are currently operational in the UK, accounting for more than 30,000 business units (Hoar 2003, 77).   These franchises employ 330,000 people, and represented a total turnover of  £9.5 billion in 2002 (Hoar 2003, 77).   While British firms have been slow to franchise overseas, particularly compared to companies from the US and Japan, they are rapidly catching up.   Over one-third of British retailers with operations outside the country employ franchising to some degree (Doherty and Quinn 1999, 225).   This number incr eases with the number of countries in which a particular firm has operations (Hoar 2003, 77). Factors driving franchisings international expansion â€Å"include heightened awareness of global markets, relaxation of trade barriers, saturation of some existing domestic markets, increasing prosperity and demand for consumer goods in many regions overseas, and increasing ease of doing business internationally because of improved communications and transportation systems† (Maynard 1995, 66).   Both McDonald’s and Benetton have been impacted by at least three of these variables. DEVELOPING THE LOCAL MARKET Finally, entrepreneurs exhibit various strategies to develop the local market, even if they do so as agents or franchisees of a global firm.   The traditional role of a subsidiary or franchisee is to adapt the parent company’s product to local tastes, â€Å"then act as a ‘global scanner,’ sending signals about changing demands back to the head office† (Birkinshaw 2000, 21).   Examples of this would be McDonald’s menu changes, often suggested or proposed by local franchisees, and the use of Ronald McDonald as a spokesman, which was first initiated by local franchisees (Anon 2003, 16).  Ã‚   It is imperative, therefore, that large organisations, particularly those that franchise, create systems and structural contexts in which local entrepreneurial activity is both encouraged and controlled (Birkinshaw 2000, 31).   If no such structure exists, franchisees will often act as free agents, making decisions and taking actions â€Å"that they believ e are in the best interests of the corporation as a whole,† whether or not these conform to the expressed desires of the parent company (Birkinshaw 2000, 2). Research indicates that four factors enhance initiative at the subsidiary or franchise level:   autonomy, resources, integration and communication (Birkinshaw 2000, 31).   High levels of autonomy and resources enhance local and global initiative, but detract from internal initiative.   High levels of integration and communication enhance internal initiative, but detract from local and global initiative (Birkinshaw 2000, 31).   â€Å"Local market initiatives are facilitated most effectively through a moderate level of autonomy in the subsidiary coupled with a fairly strong relationship with the parent company† (Birkinshaw 2000, 23).   In terms of marketing, local franchises have valuable input needed by the marketing teams at the corporate office, and should be respected for both their ideas and their first-hand knowledge of whether something is working.   If this does not occur, the company will suffer from information asymmetry problems, as previously discussed under agency theory (Doherty and Quinn 1999, 224).  Ã‚   When McDonalds decided to use famous athletes in its promotional materials, ads, and television commercials several years ago, they queried local franchisees for suggestions.   As a result, the company was able to choose sports figures recognised in each market area, rather than one internationally known athlete, such as a Tiger Woods, who might have less impact in local markets (Vignali 2001, 97).  Ã‚   A basketball star was featured in ads in the United States, a footballer in the UK, and so forth.   This allowed McDonalds to project a locally appropriate image through its marketing camp aign and further position align local franchises as part of the community, rather than as a foreign restaurant (Vignali 2001, 97).  Ã‚   The company was able to do this because they had previously established systems by which ideas and input could be communicated back and forth between franchisees and the corporate headquarters (Vignali 2001, 97).  Ã‚   Developing market requires initiating or building the demand of the public for a product, and positioning and pricing the product where it is available to meet such public demand (Johnson and Scholes 2002, 370).   The entrepreneur franchisee, therefore, has several strategies available.   He or she can make suggestions to the corporate office.   These are more likely to be well received if backed by solid market data, particularly data not available to headquarters.   The entrepreneur can produce his or her own marketing scheme, if not prohibited from doing so by headquarters.   He or she can become highly active in community activities and use the franchise or its products for market development.   In the case of Benetton, local retailers could, for example, become involved with groups addressing world hunger.   Whatever the strategy, it must result in an increased affinity for the consumer towards the product, brand or retailer, and a corresponding increase in purchas ing. MCDONALD’S CASE STUDY McDonald’s started as a single family-owned restaurant.   In 1948, Dick and Mac McDonald had started a self-service drive-up restaurant in California, using a very efficient delivery system they had invented and named the Speedee Service System.   Ray Kroc, a milkshake salesman, visited the restaurant in 1954, and was so impressed with the system that he convinced the brothers to franchise their restaurant, a novel approach to business expansion at the time (Anon 2003, 10).   The company incorporated and opened its first franchise in 1955, also in California (Anon 2003, 10).   Fifty years later McDonald’s was one of the world’s largest multi-national organisations, operating more than 31,000 stores in 119 countries.   Over eighty percent of restaurants, including almost all international outlets, are franchised (Anon 2003, 123).   McDonald’s actively promotes its core values of quality, service, cleanliness and value, and requires this emphasis of all its franchises, regardless of location or local culture (Anon 2003, 123).   When it comes to choosing franchisees, therefore, McDonald’s is highly selective (Noren 2001, 60).   Franchisees must go through a lengthy interviewing and training process, usually two years or more, without pay.   They are also required to make significant capital investments, a high percentage of which must be from their own (non-financed) resources (Noren 2001, 61-63).   â€Å"Franchisees are required in their contract to become involved in their local community,† a practise which further localises the international chain (Noren 2001, 62).   It is important to note that McDonald’s franchises are under a great deal more organisational control than many other companies’ franchising models.   This prevents devaluing the McDonald’s product through loss of uniformity or free-riding from local operators, but also inhibits entrepreneurial innovation (Noren 2001, 63).   For example, headquarters can relocate a restaurant if they so desire, and often own the property and facility, which is leased back to the franchisee.   Local operators are not allowed any variance in product without permission from the parent organisation (Noren 2001, 62).   Training is very specific and highly regulated throughout the company.   However, franchisees do have considerable input at the organisation, provided they follow the proper channels and secure approval before acting.   Many of McDonald’s promotional and menu items have come through the suggestion of local franchisees.   A franchisee in Cincinnati, Ohio, first suggested fish sandwiches so as to be able to attract Roman Catholic families on Fridays.   A franchisee in Pittsburgh suggested the Big Mac, another in California developed the Egg McMuffin, and two restaurant operators in Washington, DC, first used Ronald McDonald as their local spokesman (Anon 2003, 16).  Ã‚   Another supported the company’s first investment in what would become the Ronald McDonald House Charities (RMHC), a foundation began in 1974 that gave families of sick children a place to stay near their children’s hospital.   Besides providing a much-needed social service, the charities have been an excellent public relations strategy.   Current services ha ve been expanded to include scholarships and free health care through mobile health trucks.   RMHC currently operates in twenty-six countries (Anon 2003, 122).   In recent years McDonald’s has further increased the ability of local franchisees to run their own local promotions.   For example, a long-time McDonald’s owner in Florida (USA) reported a twenty-percent increase in same store sales, and attributed this increase to local advertising on television and in print.   He creates his own ads in line with national promotions, such as showing pictures of McDonald’s products at sale prices, with the national theme music of McDonald’s current marketing campaign playing in the background (Kramer 1999, 6).   Critics contend such loosening of marketing standards threatens brand dilution, although the company differs in opinion.   McDonalds has benefited from the input of their franchisees in other countries, who assist the restaurant in adapting the menu and marketing to local tastes and needs (Vignali 2001, 97).   Some McDonalds products are standard throughout the organisation.   For example, french fries are included on all McDonalds menus worldwide and are subjected to intense quality control to maintain sameness (Vignali 2001, 97).   Other products are adapted to the local tastes of the region.   At a McDonald’s in France, wine is available with a meal, while in the United States the strongest beverage on the menu is chocolate milk.   Israeli McDonald’s serve sandwiches without cheese, a kosher requirement, Japanese McDonald’s offer rice and salads featuring teriyaki, and some other Asian outlets offer goat (Vignali 2001, 97; Anon 2003a, 99).   The company’s primary product mix of hamburger, fries, and a coke, however, remains constant throughout McDonald’s worldwide.   Most importantly, the organisation provides a system of input to its franchisees that allows controlled entrepreneurial activity at the franchise level. BENETTON CASE STUDY Luciano Benetton founded his colourful sweater retailer shortly after the end of World War II, and the company remains family-owned and operated.   The company is known for its innovative operation and management methods, and its large network of subcontractors who produce the Benetton products (Barela 2003, 113).   Acting as a franchisor, Benetton â€Å"sells and distributes its products through regional agents, each of whom is responsible for developing a certain market area† (Barela 2003, 113).   The company arranges licensing agreements with local business people through these master franchisors, who then sell Benetton products.   There are eight-three agents internationally, who are supervised by seven area managers (Barela 2003, 115).   As a manufacturer, the company has high control of its product quality and design, and can control its franchisees through withdraw of product.   â€Å"Its success has become an example for multinational businesses around the world† (Barela 2003, 114).   Benetton currently has more than 7,000 franchises worldwide (Ivey 2002, 13). The company provides franchisees with product and the use of the Benetton name.   It â€Å"expects each store to develop its market successfully,† with the help of some global marketing support (Barela 2003, 115).   This allows a wide variety of entrepreneurial activity on the part of local franchisees, who can develop and run marketing programmes alongside those provided by corporate headquarters.   Store location and control, product display and choice, and community involvement are all decisions left up to the individual franchise owner (Ivey 2002, 14). The company has recently begun to move into directly operated stores, particularly in high-cost areas where franchisees have been difficult to attract, such as the Madison Avenue area of New York City and   High Street in London (Ivey 2002, 14).   This allows it to maintain its market position as a superior