History of Gothic Literature

History of Gothic Literature Composers representations of the Gothic genre havent significantly changed as Gothic characteristics can still be observed in modern texts and films, however, the depiction of these themes have evolved appropriately over time, just as the worldly morals, values and ethical standards have evolved. The social links to the emergence of the Gothic genre, how social and moral standards were being defined and the portrayal of themes that have altered due to changes in attitudes towards the characteristics that define Gothic literature are some aspects of the Gothic texts that can be observed.[G1][G2][G3] The emergence of the Gothic genre was a rejection of the oppressive state and artificiality of the Enlightenment (1685-1815). Edgar Allan Poes text, The Haunted Palace (1839), textually mirrors the effect that the Enlightenment had on the European and Western society. Once a fair and stately palace. But evil things, in robes of sorrows, Assailed ÂÂ   , implies, using visual imagery and personifying robes of sorrows, that the beautiful palace, once filled with joyful spirits, is now home to a hideous throng that laughs without smiling, changing the serene atmosphere into[G4] uncomfortable eeriness. The texts link to the Enlightenment as it was a[G5] core contribution to societys reformation to a constitutional and structured civilisation, governed by scientific thinking and reasoning. However, ethical standards were suffocating, resulting in the establishment of a counter-reformation, the Gothic era. The representation of the Gothic genre is observed through composers relaxed app ropriation of[G6] traditional Gothic characteristics and setting them into modern contexts. Tim Burtons Gothic film, Batman (1989), depicts the social situations of the time, specifically the fear caused by AIDS and juxtaposed hope caused by the fall of the Berlin wall. Its not who I am underneath, but what I do that defines me, textually foreshadows the actions of Batman, however, it also depicts the figurative walls built due to the stigma surrounding AIDS sufferers and the literal wall of Berlin being torn down due to gained liberation for Germany. Society in the 1980s was greatly influenced by the fear of AIDS and the suffocating stigma surrounding it, causing sufferers to be isolated from their community, much like Batman, as the disease itself didnt discriminate, only the people who discriminated against it. However, it was not until 1989, when the fall of the Berlin wall, a symbol of segregation and discrimination since 1961, was torn down. This, like the emergence of the Got hic era, signified the hope for a future where society wouldnt be controlled by misconceptions and stereotypes, consequently isolating individuals from the world around them. Due to the secularism of the Enlightenment, the Gothic movement set about to revive religious and supernatural beliefs. Although Edgar Allan Poe mightnt have been incredibly pious, shown in his texts that are often written from an aesthetic worldview, it can be identified in his works, personal values set upon just morals and righteous ethics. In Poes text, The Raven (1845), Poe enquiries after the existence of a supernatural power,[G7] is there balm in Gilead? , in which the Raven, who symbolises Poes mentality and the impending doom, replies with Nevermore. The refusal to a heavenly cure Poe was seeking, caused the mood of the text to change to that of utter despair as he abandons hope that he may see his Lenore again. During the Enlightenment, the social instability, much like Poes fall into insanity, led to political schisms, religious wars, heresy trials and witch burnings, meaning that the underlying tone of the Enlightenment was really that of chaos and lack of stability and ethics. In contrast, society has converted back to national secularism, separating religion from the state and beliefs from believers. In Burtons film, Dark Shadows (2012), the portrayal of religion is not explicitly mentioned in the film, however, the existence of the supernatural is explored.[G8] You must have faithfor if a man can become a monster, then a monster can become a man, is an allegory of presupposed evil that is not always just found in the actions of monsters, but in the hearts of man. However, if Poe has turned his back on God, and Burton has turned his back on men, what is left for the world to believe in? Secularism, thats what[G9][G10]. The portrayal of the Gothic theme of insanity has changed over time due to the change of attitude. In Poes text, The Tell-Tale Heart (1843), the narrator portrays the recurring Gothic motif of deterioration of ones sanity. such a sound as a watch makes when enveloped in cotton but the noise steadily increased, uses auditory imagery to depict the mental decline of the narrator after committing murder. The perception of insanity and madness was viewed negatively, disconnecting the mental illness from its human counterpart, dehumanising those suffering from mental illnesses and to be ostracised from society, often deemed lunatics. The representation of Gothic themes was changed to depict it into a more humorous portrayal of the dark genre. Burtons film, Batman (1989), depicts characters encased in their own insanity. I am the worlds first fully-functioning homicidal artist, juxtaposes the creativity of an artist and destruction of a murderer to create the dysfunctional[G11][G12] charact er, the Joker. Burton has used this as a means of humour but still portraying the seriousness of mental illnesses that causes an unbalanced psychological state as it reflects Jokers fears of the reality of living between a man and monster. In comparing the two texts, it is evident that the theme insanity has remained relatively constant, disregarding the humour intended in many modern Gothic texts. The Gothic genre was a literary outlet to reject the oppressive state of a society governed by the scientific reasoning and ethics of the Enlightenment.[G13] Poe and Burton both textually represented the state of their society, rejecting social standards by creating fictional worlds drawing a fine line between reality and fiction.

Defining The Input And Output Devices Computer Science Essay

Defining The Input And Output Devices Computer Science Essay In the Airline, input and output devices are significant equipment to operate the information system. Input devices are hardware components that enable users to interact with the computer and used to transfer data from outside world to computer system. Without input devices, you would not able to feed instructions to a computer. The most common input devices are mouse, keyboard, scanner, webcam, touch screen, microphone and so on. Another input devices are not apply on Airline. Output devices are any peripheral that receives or displays output from a computer. It is also data processing carried out by information in either visual or auditory format to show at equipment. The most common output devices are monitor, printer and speaker. 2.2 The input and output devices communicate with computer Nowadays, the Airlines Company uses the advanced technology to operate with smoothly. Input devices can divide up to pointing devices, pen-based computing, voice recognition and optical scanning. In pointing devices, keyboards are a most commonly devices for entering data and text to the computer system. Pointing devices benefits have issuing commands, making decision and responding immediately display on monitor screen or printer (MBA Knowledge Base, 2010). For example, counter girl make use of keyboard to input the passengers personal information and confirm the passengers seats. It can manipulate simply and reduce the wrong information. Besides that, electronic mouse is the most popular pointing devices to move the cursor on the screen, likewise make icon and menu selections (MBA Knowledge Base, 2010). Passengers can use the mouse to activate various activities selected to check the information they needs. Touch screen also a device can use the computer to touch the surface to dis play on the screen. The computer senses the point in the grid where break occur and respond with propriety feedback. There are many touch screen system set up in the waiting hall for passengers use. Pen-based computing are most being used in many personal digital assistants. The PDA has fast processers and software that recognizes of handwriting. It can substitute of writing on paper to the screen seem send e-mail, make selections and enter hand written data into the main computer (MBA Knowledge Base, 2010). For example, the Airlines Companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s supervisor can send some minor and emergency message to inform headquarters. Voice recognition is the easiest way for data entry, world processing and conversational computing. It is most natural method to communicate with computer. Voice input has become a new trend and convenience technology to use. Voice recognition systems analyze and classify speech or vocal tract patterns and convert them into digital codes for entry into the computer system. Basically, voice recognition system is being require training recognize the voice to differentiate and achieve high degree accuracy. So the voice recognize system have huge vocabularies to provide help to support the system. Another, speaker-independent voice recognition systems also enable understand few word from the voice it has never heard before (MBA Knowledge Base, 2010). For illustration, telemarketing surveys, stock quotations services, airlines ticket-booking systems and account balance inquiries. The advantages of using voice recognition system is permit operators entry data without using hands to key in data and write down data in paper, they can provide the data as fast as possible and more exact input. Optical scanning devices read text or graphics and convent them into digital input to the computer. There are many types of optical scanners; they are use photoelectric devices to scan the characters. Compact desktop scanners have cheaper and ease for personal computer so they are more popularize. In addition, flatbed scanners are faster and provide higher revolution color scanning but it is larger and more expensive than another optical scanner (MBA Knowledge Base, 2010)s. For example, airport use the optical scanners to scanning the passengers airlines tickets to confirm the passengers personal data. It also can make sure passengers check in to the passengers compartment. Other that, output devices is most information from the computer to export visual or auditory format such as printer, speaker, monitors and other wise. The purpose of the output devices is to translate the data to information for computer user. There include visual response, sound and media devices. Monitor is hardware to display visual output for the user. The images use video card processes to shows as monitor. Monitor and video card quality is identify how the definition of images. Video card just affect the images not related with word and office work (Lysis, 2010). The airlines companies set up the monitor on every seat for passengerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s entertainment and inquire about location of flying. It is customer services and facilities to passengers on the way. Speaker is hardware to output the sound for the user. Speaker and sound card are use at the same time, there are depend quality of this two component to give determine the detail. This type of sound setup is used by multimedia creators (Lysis, 2010). For example, airport have many speaker set up in anywhere, they can utilize the facilities to inform importance message to all the people in airport. Printers are an external hardware device to taking computer data and generating a hard copy data. There have matrix ribbon printers, matrix ink-jet printers and laser printers. Laser printers are the most common use in Airlines Company (Lysis, 2010). For example, they are using printers to print out some news or airline tickets. Owing to the world goes on the green campaign, so there are many company apply the technology to reduce in paper and globosity resources. 2.3 Input and output devices provide a high-level implemental environment in customer services Nowadays, Input and output devices provide a high-level implemental environment for the airlines company services. Competition in the airlines industry is at all-time high, challenging providers to reduce costs while improving quality (Nelson publishing, 2000). In this environment, airline companies strive for attractive customers and carry though exist customers. It is more challenging and arduous works. National Airlines has experienced tremendous success meeting the high demand for air travel to and from Las Vegas (Fred Crescente, 2000). They use cost- effective interactive voice response (IVR) to advance the customers services and growing the support system for customers. IVR offers National Airlines the flexibility to leverage in-house Web- development staff to speedy develop and response new voice application as soon as possible. This tool is increase the customers demand and enhance the competitive promotions. Input and output devices have increased overall sufficiency though lower costs. Callers requiring immediate and timely flight information can now access data instantly, with virtually no time spent waiting for an agent (Crescente, 2000). Input devices can provide the customers booking airlines ticket faster than service counters. Besides that, customers also can use the internet to booking tickets and get a new promotion. Output devices is perform to company understand the customer demand. They can satisfy the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s request to achieve the target of company. In between, input and output devices need to balance the company supply and customer demand. Customer services is important part of Airline Company, it can represent the airlines image. 2.4 Conclusion In conclusion, we understand the input and output devices perform a significant role in information system. It can help the users to communicate with the internet. The internet can share the new information to whole country people. Input devices are tools to input the data into the computer to make process. Output devices are passing by the data processed to display the information for reference. Base on my understanding, airline companies are using the technology devices to improve the implement and speed. Airline Company interacts with the airport to achieve the best customer services. Customers will be enjoys the flies from the beginning and the end. No matter the any problem was occur, they also can manage it by information system. In my opinion, Airline Company may increase the internet customer services because can reduce the paper work to reach go green on the world. The information system with technology is more modernize in this era.

Im Not Scared by Niccolò Ammaniti Essay -- Niccolò Ammaniti Im Not Sc

â€Å"I’m not scared explores the notion that only the strong will thrive.† Discuss. Thrive v.i. grow well; flourish, prosper. The characters in ‘I’m not scared’ are living, not thriving. They’re all weak in different ways and their strength is dying slowly. All of the characters have an individual battle with weakness. Many of the characters appear to be strong but are really just helpless beings, existing in a place where the strength comes from violence and abuse. Often the truly strong characters are the innocent children, who are forced to grow up because of the adult irresponsibility that surrounds them and the burdens placed upon them by the people they trust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michele Amitrano is a young Italian boy, who is taken advantage of, mentally and emotionally, by the people he loves and trusts. He is bullied by the local children, especially Skull, a troubled boy that follows in the footsteps of his misfit brother Felice. Michele is betrayed by his father and faced with one of the hardest decisions he would ever have to make. Although Michele deals with his situation well, he is the most vulnerable character in the novel because his family’s shame is placed upon him. When Michele’s father Pino, tells Michele that he must stand by his family and remain silent about their involvement in a kidnapping, Michele is plagued by guilt, especially since he developed a friendship with the kidnapped Prince Filippo. It is inevitable that Michele will burst inside because of the burd...

Creativity and Mental Illness Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Creativity and Mental Illness Men have called me mad, but the question is not yet settled, whether madness is or is not the loftiest intelligence--whether much that is glorious--whether all that is profound--does not spring from disease of thought--from moods of mind exalted at the expense of the general intellect. Those who dream by day are cognizant of many things which escape those who dream only by night - Edgar Allen Poe When you are insane, you are busy being insane - all the time... When I was crazy, that's all I was. - Sylvia Plath Is creative genius somehow woven together with "madness"? According to the dictionary, "to create" is "to bring into being or form out of nothing." Such a powerful, mysterious, and even impossible act must surely be beyond the scope of scientific inquiry! No wonder creativity has for so long been "explained" as the expression of an irrational, intuitive psychic "underground" teaming with forces (perhaps divine) that are unknown and unknowable (at least to the "sane," conventional mind). The ancient Greeks believed creative inspiration was achieved through altered states of mind such as "divine madness." Socrates said: "If a man comes to the door of poetry untouched by the madness of the muses, believing that technique alone will make him a good poet, he and his sane compositions never reach perfection, but are utterly eclipsed by the inspired madman" (8). Creative inspiration - particularly artistic inspiration -- has often been thought to require the sampling of dark "depths" of irr ationality while maintaining at least some connection to everyday reality. This dive into underground forces "reminds one of a skin-diver with a breathing tube" wrote Arthur Koestler in his influential book... ...ard Mental Health Letter, March 1996 http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5h-cre1.html 6) Artistic Inspiration and the Brain , Another response to Dr. Bruce Miller study - FTD & creativity http://www.artsfusion.com/1999/january/awfeaturejan.html 7) The Systems View of Life , includes discussion of how creativity is fundamentally built into all living systems -by Fritjof Capra, theoretical high-energy physicist and author. Capra studied with Werner Heisenberg at the University of Vienna. He does research at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and lectures at the University of California, Berkeley. http://magna.com.au/~prfbrown/capra_3.html 8) Amazon.com, To order the book: Touched with Fire: Manic Depressive Illness and the Artistic temperment - by Kay Redfield Jamison http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/068483183X/themeadowlarkpre/102-1781957-3733743

Kass and Genetic Technology :: essays research papers

Unregulated Genetic Technology Threatens to Dehumanize Society When James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA in 1959, they could not have known that their discovery would one day lead to the possibility of a human factory that is equipped with the capabilities to mass produce perfectly designed, immortal human beings on a laboratory assembly line. Of course, this human factory is not yet possible; genetic technology is still in its infancy, and scientists are forced to spend their days unlocking the secret of human genetics in hopes of uncovering cures for diseases, alleviating suffering, and prolonging life. In the midst of their noble work, scientists still dream of a world—a utopia—inhabited by flawless individuals who have forgotten death and never known suffering. What would become of society if such a utopia existed? How will human life be altered? Leon Kass, in Life, Liberty and the Defense of Dignity: The Challenge for Bioethics, acknowledges genetics technology’s greatness, and applauds it for its invaluable, benevolent contributions to mankind. However, Kass argues that if left to their devises and ambitions, geneticists—with the power of their technology—will steal away society’s most precious asset; genetic technology will rob society of its humanity. Genetic technology can, and will, achieve great things, but unless it is regulated and controlled, the losses will be catastrophic and the costs will far exceed the benefits. The age of genetic technology has arrived. Thanks to genetic technological advancements, medical practitioners, with the help of genetic profiling, will be able to better diagnose patients and design individual tailored treatments; doctors will be able to discern which medications and treatments will be most beneficial and produce the fewest adverse side effects. Rationally designed vaccines have been created to provide optimal protection against infections. Food scientists have hopes of genetically altering crops to increase food production, and therefore mitigate global hunger. Law enforcement officers find that their job is made easier through the advancement of forensics; forensics is yet another contribution of genetic technology. Doctors have the ability to identify â€Å"high-risk† babies before they are born, which enables them to be better prepared in the delivery room. Additionally, oncologists are able to improve survival rates of cancer patients by administering ge netically engineered changes in malignant tumors; these changes result in an increased immune response by the individual. With more than fifty years of research, and billions of dollars, scientists have uncovered methods to improve and prolong human life and the possibilities offered by gene therapy and genetic technology are increasing daily.

Country Risk Analysis

Running head: COUNTRY RISK ANALYSIS Balance of Payment The current account balance of China amounts to 297. 1 bn US$ in the financial year 2009, whereas for the Guatemala it amounts to -0. 62 bn US$ in the same financial year (China's current-account balance 1982-2009). This implies that the current account balance of the home country stood at surplus as compared to that of the host country. As far as capital account is concerned, it amounts to 109. bn US$ in 2009 for China whereas for Guatemala was far less compared to that of China which implies that the home country's capital account balance is also at surplus in comparison to that of host country. Apart from the current account and the capital account balances of both the countries, the official gold holding of China as on December 2009 amounts to 1054 tonnes which was equivalent to 1. 5% of the of the national forex reserve, whereas for that of Guatemala, it was 6. tonnes in the same financial year equivalent to that of 4. 5% of the national forex reserve (Guatemala Economic Statistics and Indicators, 2010). Government variables: The government of China has been actively involved in formulating an effective fiscal policy so that the key projects can be easily financed by issuing government debt. Apart from the fiscal policy, the monetary policy is formulated in coordination to that of the fiscal policy so as to promote economic growth by containing deflation to the extent possible. As far as the monetary and the fiscal policy of Guatemala is concerned, a series of structural reform is done with a primary motive to increase the economic efficiency by strengthening balance of payments and controlling inflation. The monetary rate has been stable because of the strict fiscal administration and the abundance of natural resources. The legal court system of china is based on civil law which was divided into four level court system of which at the highest level is the supreme people's court, then local people's court and court of special jurisdiction lso known as special court. All these level of court systems ensure fairness in all the legal proceedings at china. The legal system of Guatemala follows a more of standard European prosecutorial model which implies providing evidence to the judge in an open public court so as to enable him to take decisions based on the evidence presented. As the decisions taken by the judge based on the evidence results into correct deci sions, this implies the fairness of the Guatemala's court system (Legal system of Guatemala). The corporate laws and regulations has been formulated in China as well as the Guatemala with an intention to protect the legitimate rights and interests of companies, shareholders and creditors (Company Law of the People's Republic of China, 2005). In order to comply with the world trade organization agreement on trade related aspect of intellectual property rights, China has strengthened its legal framework and has also amended its intellectual property rights. Counterfeiters and pirates has been the most in Chinese economy, as a result it is essential to have a better intellectual property right environment in china. Although the commitment from the central government official to tackle the problem is quite high but it has not been appropriate to deter the major IPR infringement. The intellectual property right is also not secure in guatemala due to the increased pirated related activities, hence government needs to take necessary action in order to solve such crucial problem. A trade union act has been formulated in accordance with the constitution to protect the positions of trade union which ultimately leads to the development of china's socialist movements. This act protects the legal rights of the employees. The activities of the union in the Guatemala has been pathetic. It has been increasingly violated after the enactment of Dominican republic central America trade agreement. The steps taken by the government becomes ineffective in addressing this concern (Labor Rights in Guatemala). Infrastructure: The transportation facility in China is improving as the government of china is investing huge funds in the development of roads, highway and expressway. Similar is the condition in vase of Guatemala where government is actively participating in improving the transportation facilities. The port of Tianjin is an international trading port in china of whose the land area is more than 20 km. Vessels of 70000-80000 dwt can sail in on the tide. Its through put was around 57. 87million tons. A notice on the management of foreign trade in free trade zone has been issued by the ministry of commerce and the general office of the general administration which clarifies the way through which foreign trade and distribution rights can be obtained by the operators inside the zone. In Guatemala also, there are various free trade zones along with many industrial parks which results into competitive advantage for the investors (China: Trading in Free Trade Zones, 2006). The banking, environmental and the educational factors are somewhat similar in both the countries. The banking in china has undergone lots of changes and it has remain in the hands of the government even after banks has given more autonomy. The educational activity on the part of the government is increasing in Guatemala as the education budget accounted for 15. % of the central government budget. The environmental issues in Guatemala are in relation to soil erosion, acid rain, water pollution etc. , whereas excessive growth has also raised various environmental issues in china. References: Company Law of the People's Republic of China, 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/bizchina/2006-04/17/content_569258. htm China: Trading in Free Trade Zones, 2006. Retrieved Apr il 24, 2010 from http://www. hg. org/articles/article_1191. tml China's current-account balance 1982-2009. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from http://www. chinability. com/CurrentAccount. htm Guatemala Economic Statistics and Indicators, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from http://www. economywatch. com/economic-statistics/country/Guatemala/ Legal system of guatemala. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from www. oas. org/juridico/Mla/en/gtm/en_gtm-int-description. pdf Labor Rights in Guatemala. Retrieved April 24, 2010 from www. ghrc-usa. org/Publications/factsheet_LaborRights. pdf

Is Privacy In The 21st Century Possible? Essay

Privacy was once valued and protected. But now with so many new and convenient technological advancements, is privacy in the 21st century possible? To protect our privacy Congress created the Electronics Privacy Acts (ECPA) to protect us from government access to private information that is transmitted and stored on the Internet, such as emails, private photos, or corporate data. Congress has not updated the ECPA on technology since it was created, in 1986. When the ECPA was created there was no â€Å"World Wide Web†, social networking was something in the future, and nothing was stored in what we call the â€Å"cloud.† With all the technological changes in today’s society no one is protected. Privacy is defined as being free from the public eye. Yet we have so many people sharing personal information on social networking websites, and government agencies monitoring emails, and phone calls most of the time without our knowledge. There is no privacy in the 21st century, it is just a nostalgic feeling, and it is no longer practiced. Today’s privacy laws aren’t up to date with today’s technology. Things are rarely sent through the mail, and emails and text messages have replaced written communication. Online messaging and social networking was something of a novelty when lawmakers created the ECPA (Frolik, 2013). A recent article from the Dayton Daily news written by Cornelius Frolik on June 2013 he mentioned, â€Å"The Government can easily access many personal communications and other private information without sufficient probable cause†. Instead of acquiring a warrant that requires more standards and procedures. Government agencies instead obtain subpoena’s to obtain people’s emails, and telephone records (Frolik, 2013). Although, local authorities catch lots of dangerous criminals through information online like emails, photos, and social media sites like Facebook some critics still feel it is an invasion of privacy. Also as our technology advances by leaps, and bounds so does the way Government uses new high tech tools to surveillance law-abiding citizens. Though our Fourth Amendment states to protect the American people from unreasonable searches and seizures. Almost everything is done through  technology in the 21st century. This meaning that government can seize any emails that are 180 days or that has been opened without a warrant; subpoenas have become the most used investigator tool for Government agencies. The reason why is because they can be easily written inside the prosecutors office without any further review from a judge. This means there is an exception to the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, if it satisfies the requirements. The question we should be asking when it comes to Government and our privacy are † Is to explain a clear understanding of the word privacy†? If the Government cannot clarify the term privacy then how can they protect our privacy? The lack of clarity makes it hard for lawmakers to create new policies that will keep our privacy out of harm (Libin, 2012). Two reasons why privacy can be considered threaten in today’s society one being the Government powers are limitless, and two being we the American people expose ourselves digitally (Libin, 2012). The people of America should come together and declare for the Government to protect our privacy rather than participate in warrantless searches (Libin, 2012). The fact that the Government can argue that the Fourth Amendment does not apply because there is no exception to privacy when it comes to prot ecting national security, then that leave the American people in times of calamity, and crisis. Laws like the ECPA is a law that the Government has an obligation to respect (Libin, 2012). The ECPA protect the privacy of the electronic communications, but when law enforcement and prosecutors have to protect and enforce laws, personal information has to be collected to build a case (Libin, 2012). The solution is more complex than simply, and right now the Government is facing difficulties figuring out the best way to protect the American people (Libin, 2012). Given all the information privacy seems to be the problem. It can be portrayed in many ways, one as it’s protecting the public from terrorism, and local crime; and two being if you are innocent, what do you have to hide? In 2014 I find that most American people store their digital lives in what we call â€Å"The Cloud† which included emails, calendar data, photos, and other sensitive information. The ECPA has become obsolete. Technology today leaves the ECPA outdated, the laws have not changed since it was originally created  in 1986. The existing privacy laws only focus on the text-based personal records, and the issues that people face today with this outdated privacy law is gathering of digital multi-media files, and the way this unauthorized data is used (Lipton, 2010). Do you consider video surveillance systems out on the street personal data? Some may say yes and some may say no. According to a case study researched by Jacqueline D. Lipton, if the face of an individual is recognizable, than it is considered personal data. Some people feel protected with the video surveillance capturing their every moment. Then on the other hand some people feel they are being scrutinized being watched by video surveillance. The U.S. has a protection for free speech and for free of a press under the First Amendment. However there is no express constitutional right to privacy (Lipton, 2012). The question that American people should rigorously examine is whether or not Congress should repeal the ECPA and creates new privacy laws to replace it (Kerr, 2014). The ECPA should be considered top priority when it comes to being reformed. If Congress were to start fresh on what changes to make on the ECPA the technologic changes would have to be particularly considered. Being that the cost of stored information has changed it also changes how law enforcements surveillance people, it threatens privacy. In 1986 this all made sense because the internet was designed at this time to only hold limited storage, and wire-tapping was a threat more than stored information (Kerr, 2014). Overall access to stored record has become the greatest privacy threat. Technology has changed enormously, now everything is stored. With everything being stored now in what we call â€Å"The Cloud† like mentioned before stored information begins to reveal the same level of details as real time surveillance or real-time access (Kerr, 2014). Stored information has become more revealing an invasive. (Kerr, 2014). References _Cohen, J. E. (2013). What is Privacy For._ Harvard Law Review Association_,_ 126_(7), 1904,29. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=5& sid=34a7b883-e7a4-45d2-aff3-a25b4e535c3e%40sessionmgr110&hid=107&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=edsgbe&AN=edsgcl.333333595_ _Kerr, 0. S. (2014). The Next Generation Communications Privacy Act._ University of Pennsylvania Law Review_,_ 162_(2), 373-419. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/command/detail?vid=26&sid=34a7b883-e7a4-45d2-aff3-a25b4e535c3e%40sessionmgr110&hid=107&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=aph&AN=93917886_ _Libn, N. (2012). PRIVACY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE 21ST CENTURY: Foreword._ Harvard Law and Policy Review_,_ 6_, 263. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=15&sid=34a7b883-e7a4-45d2-aff3-a25b4e535c3e%40sessionmgr110&hid=107&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=edslex&AN=edslex2F0EC940_ _Lipton, J. D. (2010). Digitlal Multi-Media and The Limits of Privacy Law._ Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law_,_ 42_(3), 551-571. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=24&sid=34a7b883-e7a4-45d2-aff3-a25b4e535c3e%40sessionmgr110&hid=107&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=bsh&AN=51909959_ _Sutanto, J., Palme, E., Chuan-Hoo, T., & Chee Wei, P. (2013). Addressing The Personalization-Privacy Paradox: An Empirical Assessment From a Field Experiment on Smartphone Users._ MIS Quarterly_,_ 37_(4), 1141-A5. Retrieved from http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.proxy-library.ashford.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=29&sid=34a7b883-e7a4-45d2-aff3-a25b4e535c3e%40sessionmgr110&hid=107&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=bsh&AN=91906295_